We all have experienced it during the pandemic. We have learned that for living a healthy life precautions and correct information are extremely important.
As I’ve been in the healthcare sector for the last forty years I must share reliable information, precautions and treatments for solving your problems.
Here I’m going to provide you with tips to live a healthy life and avoid the problems due to ignorance. We can do certain things and avoid something to maintain a healthy mind and body.
In this category, you will get solutions to your head-to-toe problems as well best and most accurate information related to your health.
We are also going to provide information about pharma, medicines and drugs in this category.
Feel free to ask for a free consultant related to health.
The nervous system is concerned with the integration and control of all body functions.
In my previous page regarding Systems of the Human Body, I promised you, to provide detailed information on all major systems. Certainly, this page is to keep my promise.
The human body is a complex nerve-muscle machine. It is more intricate and works more efficiently than any machine invented by men till now. All functions, including moment, both voluntary or involuntary, and secretion, are under the control of a complicated “telephone” system (the nervous system), complete with exchange, transmitting and receiving lines. These are connected to a complex supercomputer, the brain.
Sub-divisions of the nervous system
Although for descriptive purposes, the nervous system may be subdivided into two parts. It functions as a coordinated whole.
The nervous system has two major parts
a) Central Nervous System(CNS):
The brain and spinal cord are the main organs of the Central Nervous system. Moreover, it is the control centre of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing information from the senses, generating thoughts and emotions, and controlling movement and other bodily functions.
The CNS is a complex and fascinating system essential for human life. Moreover, it is responsible for everything we think, feel, and do.
i) Brain
The brain is the largest and most complex organ in the human body. Further, it is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right brain, connected by a bundle of nerves called the corpus callosum.
Functions of brain
The brain is responsible for a wide range of functions, including:
Thought and consciousness: The brain is responsible for our ability to think, reason, and be aware of ourselves and our surroundings.
Sensory processing: The brain receives information from the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. It processes this information and creates a perception of the world around us.
Movement: The brain controls our ability to move our muscles. It sends signals to the spinal cord, which then sends signals to the muscles to contract or relax.
Emotions: The brain is responsible for our ability to feel emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.
Language: The brain is responsible for our ability to understand and produce language.
The brain is that part of the CNS which lies within the cavity of the skull. It consists of the following parts;
1 The cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
2 The mid-brain
3 The Pons
4 The medulla oblongata
5 The cerebellum
The brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone (skull and vertebral column) and also by three coverings that are called meninges. These meninges are the dura mater(outer layer), arachnoid mater(middle layer) and pia mater(inner layer).
Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is a sub-arachnoid space that contains a fluid. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and has several important functions. The dura mater is a tough fibrous membrane that lines the skull. It also encloses the spinal cord in a membranous tube within the neural canal.
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. It is situated within the vertebral column. Moreover, in the adult, it is 43 cm long and ends at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the first cord and correspond to the segments of the vertebral column.
Functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord has two functions. Since it consists mainly of nerve fibres its most important role is to transmit the information to the brain from the periphery or vice-versa.
In addition, the spinal cord provides an important defence mechanism that enables emergency action. This action is taken without direct references to the brain. That is why it is called spinal reflex.
b) Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a vast network of nerves that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It is responsible for carrying information between the brain and spinal cord and the muscles, organs, and sensory receptors throughout the body.
The PNS is essential for the body to function properly. It allows us to move our bodies, feel the world around us, and maintain our internal environment.
Below are some of the details of PNS.
The PNS consists of nerves, which are bundles of nerve fibres.
Nerves are classified as either sensory nerves, motor nerves, or mixed nerves.
Sensory nerves carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor nerves carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles.
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor information.
The PNS also contains ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve branches are in the entire body from the spinal cord to all body parts. The function of the nerves is called a Peripheral Nervous System. It includes
Peripheral nerves
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Neuromuscular junctions.
Major components of the nervous system
There is no function of the body, which is not connected to the nervous system.
1 Neuron
The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. They receive sensory input, send motor commands to muscles, and relay electrical signals.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the Neuron i.e. nerve cell.
A single unit of neurons has a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
Dendrites of the neuron(the receptors of nerve impulses) are branches in structure.
One of the dendrites is elongated and is called AXON which imparts the nerve impulses to the dendron of the other neuron cell.
A collection of these many neurons forms the nervous tissue unit, which again unites to form a nerve.
The substance which is released from the nerve endings is called neurotransmitters.
These neurons have a protection layer called MYELIN SHEATH. Fatty Acids and proteins are required for the synthesis of this myelin sheath.
2 Autonomic nervous system
This system is responsible for involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. It is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which is a physiological reaction to stress. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and it diverts blood flow away from the digestive system and towards the muscles.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest-and-digest” response. It decreases heart rate and blood pressure, and it slows respiration and digestion.
3 Somatic nervous system
This is responsible for voluntary movement. It carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, telling them to contract or relax. The somatic nervous system is also responsible for the sensation, such as touch, pain, temperature, and pressure.
The voluntary component of the peripheral nervous system. It allows us to feel the sensation from the skin and perform voluntary body movements.
Reasons for problems
The main source of energy for the brain and nervous system is glucose. That is obtained from carbohydrates.
When there lack of nutrition, start impaired functioning of the nervous system and neuromuscular structures resulting in
Mental confusion
Diminished brain functioning
Sensory loss
Loss of muscular coordination
Muscular apathy etc
Diseases caused by the lack of nutrition are
Parkinson’s disease affects movement, often including tremors.
Alzheimer’s disease affects brain function, memory and behaviour.
Bell’s palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, mainly on one side.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder when the brain activities are abnormally causing seizures or periods of unusual activities
Primarily Neuritises are because of metabolic derangement and are mainly confined to carbohydrate metabolism. But, metabolism being a complex chemical process, disturbance in one factor leads to disturbances of the other factors. Carbohydrates, Protein and fats are not utilized by the body as such. Moreover, Carbohydrate is hydrolyzed into glucose. Proteins into Amino AcidsFats into fatty acids.
Metabolism is the conversion, hydrolyzation and finally utilization of energy, synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and their utilization for tissue building and tissue repairs.
For these chemical intermediary changes, certain enzymes and co-enzymes are essential.
A Body normally produces enzymes and coenzymes. And food helps to produce co-enzymes. Moreover, the lack of these co-enzymes deranges those metabolic processes resulting in the problem of the nervous system.
Sometimes, because of poison, drug toxicity and certain other factors lead to the depletion of these co-enzymes also resulting above changes.
How to avoid nervous system problems.
Exercise daily which increases blood flow and natural painkillers called endorphins produced by the central nervous system give relief from stress and pain
Take a balanced diet including vitamins B1, B6, B12, proteins, soya bean provides the best protein, vitamins & minerals
Take green leafy vegetables enriched in vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin E and magnesium essential for the nervous system
Take plenty of water
Do enough rest/sleep
Check up diabetes, and blood pressure which may cause neuro disorders
Don’t use tobacco products, quit smoking
Consult your Doctor
SUM UP
Enjoy a healthy life by enjoying life. Don’t be shy about laughing loudly, it’s the best medicine. Enjoy music, dance and sex (it’s also an exercise)
Systems of the human body efficiently control all the functions of organs arranged in a system of the human body.
The human body is made up of complex systems that work together to ensure the efficient functioning of various organs. These systems are responsible for controlling and regulating a wide range of bodily functions.
Each system is a group of organs that perform specific functions and work in harmony with other systems. Thus maintain the overall health and well-being of the body. The intricate interplay between these systems is what enables the human body to carry out its various tasks. They are also intricate and adapt to changing conditions.
Overall these systems are supremely organised and can maintain normal function even under the most adverse conditions. For example, body temperature remains constant even though swimming in cold water and immediately afterwards lie in hot sunshine.
Major systems of the human body
On this page, I will provide brief information on the major systems of the human body. I’m going to share detailed information on each system in my next pages. Hence keep on visiting the health category of the Information Site. You can also subscribe to receive the published posts on your email address.
The major systems of the human body are as follows:
1 Nervous System
It governs the activities of the various organs. Through this system, the individual is made aware of the environment and enabled to make responses accordingly.
The nervous system is divided into two major parts
Central nervous system: It governs activities of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system: It governs the activities of nerves spread in the entire human body. Nerves are in branches from the spinal cord to every part of the body.
2 Circulatory System
It circulates and transports food, oxygen and water from one part to another. Four major organs of the circulatory system are the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The major components of the circulatory system are blood and plasma.
3 Respiratory System
This system performs the process of taking oxygen into the body and removing excess carbon dioxide.
The major organs of the respiratory system are the nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea and lungs.
It provides a moveable framework. It is to support and protect the softer tissues. This system enables the movement of the limbs and the body from place to place.
The major organs of the musculoskeletal system are muscles, bones and joints. Along with this cartilage, tendons, ligaments and connective tissues are also major parts of the musculoskeletal system.
5 Digestive System
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated glands and organs. The major organs of the digestive system are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The purpose of the digestive system is to digest food by breaking it down into simple useful nutrients. These simple nutrients are carbohydrates, fats and protein. When the nutrients are absorbed into the blood they provide energy. It is also useful for the growth of the human body and the repairing of the organs. These nutrients are essential for the human body.
6 Urinary System
The urinary system deals with the excretion of water-soluble waste products. This system also maintains water and electrolyte balance.
The major organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
The function of the kidneys is to filter blood and remove waste products. Ureters are the two ducts that pass waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Stored urine in the urinary bladder is excreted through the urethra.
7 Endocrine System
It comprises the ductless glands that elaborate complex chemical substances i.e. hormones. These hormones pass directly into the bloodstream. Many different processes are been affected by these hormones.
Some of the processes that are affected by these hormones are:
a) Growth and development
b) Metabolism
c) Food metabolism
d) Controlling thirst and hunger
e) Maintaining body temperature
f) Regulating mood and cognitive functions
g) Initiating and maintaining sexual development and reproduction
h) Influencing the way the body uses and stores energy
I) Controlling the volume of fluid and the levels of salts and sugar (glucose) in the blood
j) Blood sugar and blood pressure
k) Sleep cycles and sleep quality
8 Reproductive System
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for procreation. Males and females produce spermatozoa and ova respectively. The female body implants the fertilized ova to nurture the embryo until it can survive independently.
The major organs of the female reproductive system are vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovary.
Penis, testicles, ejaculatory ducts, vas deferens and urethra are the major organs of the male reproductive system.
The respiratory system is the vital system of the human body to remain alive. On this page, you will come to know how the respiratory system works.
The human body contains 100 trillion cells or units of life. Each living cell is a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus and it needs oxygen for its metabolic activities and to rid itself of carbon dioxide, by the process called respiration.
The human being is an air-breathing creature and takes oxygen from the atmosphere and exchanges it for carbon dioxide in the blood through the organization of the respiratory system.
The function of the distribution of food and oxygen is carried out by the cardiovascular system. Thus the respiratory system and circulatory system have closely integrated activities.
The blood receives food oxygen from the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems respectively and thus enriched it is circulated throughout the body by the cardio-vascular system ensuring adequate supply to all the body cells.
The respiratory system is divided for descriptive purposes into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the dividing line being the lower border of the Adam’s apple in the neck.
The upper respiratory system
The pyramid-shaped nose extends beyond into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.
The mucus membrane is lined by ciliated epithelium and has a rich vascular supply. The inspired air is warmed by vascularity. Further, Cilia, aided by sticky mucus, trap foreign particles and propel them towards the pharynx. Cilia trap and remove particles and bacteria, moving them to the pharynx. Thus Cilia in the respiratory epithelium prevent infections. Every 20 minutes the nose produces a clean new mucus blanket.
The narrow openings that communicate the nasal sinuses with the nasal cavities are frequently involved in nasal and nasopharyngeal infections. Thus inflamed sinus openings hinder drainage, resulting in slow and incomplete infection resolution.
The larynx produces voice and blocks large particles from entering the lower respiratory tract.
The larynx does it using the cough reflex. Cough can be a voluntary or reflexive response to irritation, mediated by the medulla. Further forceful exhalation with closed glottis followed by explosive air release along with sputum or irritating matter.
Related Page
Read about the causes and treatment of cough and cold.
The trachea runs from the larynx to the lungs’ main lobes, where it branches into three lobes on the right and two on the left. Further, the bronchial tree divides into smaller and smaller tubes, ending in the terminal bronchioles. Each respiratory bronchiole communicates with a cluster of alveoli.
Alveoli are small sacs that are in direct contact with lung capillaries. Respiratory gases exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. Finally, blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body via the cardiovascular system.
Summary
Oxygen is the need of body cells life. The respiratory system from the nose to the alveolus is the body’s window for oxygen. Microorganisms in the atmosphere can enter the body through the respiratory system. Hence, wear a nose and mouth mask to protect from exposure during the pandemic.
Although the cilia, mucus and our immune system trap these and protect the body against some of the infections.
In today’s scenario of fast-paced life, lots of competition, workload and a person living a stressful life which may lead to mental diseases and disorders.
Let’s understand in detail about mental diseases and disorders and know about the treatment that can be done for curing mental diseases and disorders.
TYPES OF MENTAL DISEASES AND DISORDERS
Mental diseases are also called as mental health disorders. Mental diseases can be organic or functional in origin.
Organic mental disease is caused due to brain damage from head injuries, tumours or diseases like Meningitis(inflammation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), Syphilis at the final stage(infection through sex), or Encephalitis(infection of the brain).
Functional mental illness is psychological in origin. Most cases of mental diseases fall into the functional group.
Several factors usually unite to produce a psychological disorder. Among the important influences that may predispose a person to a psychological disorder are heredity, constitution, the structure of personality, mode of upbringing, education & cultural background.
Precipitating factors may be:-
Psychological as frustration, losses, a conflict between an individual’s personal needs and restrictions placed on the activity by the community.
Physical as after brain damage.
Physiological as prolonged sleep, marked weight loss, effects of drugs or effects of endocrine changes.
Mental diseases and disorders are mainly anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, trauma and stress-related disorders.
Mental diseases and disorders are classified into four types of mental health disorders.
A– Psychoneurotic disorders
B– Psychotic disorders
C– Psychosomatic( Psychophysiological) disorders
D– Personality disorders
A–Psychoneurotic disorders
A group of mental disorders caused by unresolved internal conflicts, in which no observable loss of contact with reality and judgement is present.
The patient often realises that some of his emotions, thoughts or impulses to act are strange & unintelligible but he is unable to control them.
1 Anxiety
Anxiety is an excited state associated with the expectancy of danger. The patient seeks a means of escape, so the defences are up. Anxiety is a normal response to threats directed towards one’s body, possessions, way of life, loved ones, or cherished values.
Normal anxiety motivates the individual to useful action and plays an important role in beneficial changes & personality growth.
Excessive anxiety not only makes a person unhappy but has a detrimental effect on his performance.
Anxiety can be expressed either as agitation and tension or apathy and listlessness. Severe, disorganizing anxiety is called Panic.
The patient may complain of tension and fatigue(lack of energy) accompanied by sweating, palpitation(increased heartbeat), tachycardia(abnormal heartbeat), anorexia(eating disorder), insomnia(lack of sleep), sexual dysfunction and loss of weight.
2- DEPRESSIVE
Depression is an inhibited, pessimistic state associated with irrevocable loss. The patient sees no means of escape from his condition, so his defences are down.
Mild depression manifests itself by a loss of pleasurable interest in the usual affairs of life.
A person does his work and meets his obligations but spontaneity is lacking and fatigue(feeling of tiredness or lack of energy) is excessive.
In more severe depression the patient falls physically ill. He is gloomy, helpless & hopeless. The patient may believe things are as bad as he feels & he may have Delusions(fixed beliefs).
Insomnia( lack of sleep) is a prominent symptom. In all depression danger of suicide is present. Depression is considered to be caused by biochemical dysfunction, trauma, living conditions and other external factors.
Depression is caused by Serotonin and catecholamine and it’s not the only hormone mediated.
Research suggests that depression doesn’t spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather there are many possible causes of depression including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications and medical problems. It’s believed that several of these forces interact to bring on depression.
For example, if a person is diagnosed with cancer, he will not only be depressed because of the biochemical levels but also due to monitory, disease-related stress.
3- DISSOCIATIVE REACTION
It is a process of disconnecting from one’s thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity. Gross disorganisation of personality resulting from an overwhelming sense of anxiety.
4- CONVERSION REACTION
Conversion of anxiety into symptoms of dysfunction of various organs or parts of the body The emotional conflict, instead of being experienced consciously is converted into physical symptoms involving voluntary muscles or special sense organs. Blindness, deafness, paralysis or other neurological symptoms may occur.
5- PHOBIC REACTION
The principal symptom of phobic reaction is anxiety. In the phobias, the patient fixes his anxiety on a given object or situation which he then can avoid. A phobia is a specific fear apparently out of proportion to the stimulus.
The most commonly encountered phobic reactions are Agoraphobia( fear of open places), Claustrophobia(fear of being closed in), Aerophobia(fear of high places) and Aquaphobia(fear of water).
6- Obsessive-compulsive reaction
Anxiety is manifested by unwanted but insistent and repetitive thoughts (Obsession) or urges to perform an act(compulsion) the patient has no voluntary control over these thoughts or acts.
For example, the patient can not turn off a tap without turning it several times opening and closing, to make sure that it is properly turned off.
B–Psychotic disorders
A group of mental disorders in which the disturbance is of such magnitude that personality disintegration takes place.
These are more severe forms of mental illness. Psychotic individuals usually suffer from hallucinations(a false perception of sense) and/or delusions(fixed beliefs).
1- Schizophrenic reaction
Schizophrenia is a name for a group of disorders characterised by a progressive disintegration of emotional stability, judgement, and contact with an appreciation of reality.
The essential features of the illness are:
a) Thought disorder
The vagueness of thinking, disconnection of thoughts, and new interest in vague, abstract theories or beliefs.
Thought block — the patient starts to answer a question but stops speaking suddenly as if second thoughts have swayed his decision.
The patient’s conversion veers off at a tangent and the conclusions cannot be understood.
The patient coins words or phrases that only he understands. In its extreme form, the patient’s statements are incomprehensible.
Delusions are often encountered in schizophrenic patients.
b) Emotional disorder
The patient’s train of thought and emotions felt or expressed at the same time are disorderly. The patient may laugh or grin for no apparent reason or when grave matters are being discussed. The patient may have a fixed grin or remain inert regardless of external circumstances.
c) Perceptual disorder
Misinterpretation and hallucinations(false perception) are common in schizophrenia. In PPD(irrational & obsessive distrust of others} misinterpretation is common, innocent errors are interpreted as malicious, and words spoken by others take on a double meaning.
d) Disturbance of volition
A general lessening of willpower is evident in many cases. The patient complains of an inability to make decisions or to act of his own volition.
There may be marked inactivity, the patient staying in bed or lying down wherever he happens to be at the time, showing no apparent awareness of the need to turn up for meals.
Characterized by slow onset in adolescence or early adult life, the major symptom is the loss of emotional response, loss of drive and gradual withdrawal from social situations proceed slowly. The illness may begin with hypochondriacal complaints (unduly worried about serious illness) but typical signs of schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions are not usually seen.
b) Hebephrenic schizophrenia
Thought disorder is the prominent feature of this form of illness, which is common in young people. Often proceeded by depersonalisation and apathy, there is a slow progressive vagueness of thinking and in later stages, delusions & hallucinations develop. Speech incoherent, bed wetting and silliness of response and action often predominate.
c) Catatonic schizophrenia
There are two distinct phases in this form. The commonest of these is Stuporbut the most striking stage is Catatonic excitement In milder cases of stupor, the patient speaks and moves very slowly and may show obedience. In more severe cases the patient is generally unresponsive but may refuse physical attempts to help him. Food is refused and bed-clothes are soiled. In advanced cases, the patient may maintain an awkward posture for hours at a time, apparently undistressed by the inevitable severe muscular fatigue.
In Catatonic excitement, the patient shows mild uninhibited behaviour with an excessive amount of mobility, and restlessness, continuing for long periods. No sleep is obtained, and food is refused. Patient in these states often shows violent destructive behaviour.
d) Paranoid schizophrenia
The prominent feature of this form of schizophrenia is the appearance of paranoid delusions. It commonly starts in middle life or later.
This type is also slowly progressive, the paranoid delusions being accompanied later by hallucinations. Other varieties of thought disorders and affective changes are usually absent.
As the illness develops after the personality is fully formed, deterioration is rarely marked.
Superficially the patient appears to carry on his pattern of life as before. He may seek help to deal with those whom he believes are responsible for his persecution.
2- Paranoid reaction
The term refers to the development of firmly held delusions without disturbance of thinking, volition or behaviour.
Hallucinations are usually not present.
It is not considered to be a schizophrenic illness.
A suspicious husband may falsely accuse his wife of infidelity which she denies angrily, he then interprets her response as anger at being found out. The patient may blame others for his failures.
3- Puerperal psychosis
These do not differ in their essential nature from comparable psychoses seen apart from the puerperium. The commonest forms are affective disorders, notably depression, sometimes with suicide and infanticide as complications, and severe persistent states of anxiety with intense manifestation.
Puerperal psychoses usually occur within one year of delivery. A great majority of them occur within three months and are usually of relatively short duration and good prognosis.
The additional psychological stresses and challenges of pregnancy and labour with the emotional significance of childbirth and motherhood are some of the aetiological factors.
4- Affective disorders
This is a combination of misery and malaise, which occurs either spontaneously or exceeds in duration and intensity the normal reaction to any disaster or misfortune. The three main affective disorders are depression, mania and hypomania, and psychoneuroses and psychosis.
The patient’s mood is characterised by dejection and unhappiness withdrawal of interest from the outside world, indecision and often subjective difficulty in thinking, feeling of guilt may be intense. There may be some delusions including convictions of impoverishment or hypochondriacal for example patient may believe that he is financially ruined.
The symptoms of outstanding importance are:
Disturbance of sleep rhythm with early morning waking
Loss of appetite and weight
Constipation and dyspepsia( indigestion, discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen)
Depression
Depression appearing spontaneously is often called Endogenous when it follows external events that are regarded as precipitated called Reactive. Such distinction is however rarely clear-cut. There are two main types:-
1-Bipolar Disorder
2-Involutional psychotic
Bipolar disorder is characterised by a great degree of loss of judgement and separation from reality and is more likely to be accompanied by delusions and hallucinations. Phases of normality or exaltation and elation may alternate with phases of depression.
Involutional melancholia occurs characteristically at the junction of the middle and later thirds of life and is apt to be particularly severe. Agitation is a predominant feature of the illness and may be expressed by repeated complaints of bodily or mental suffering with wringing of the hands, restlessness and lamentation( passionate expression of grief or sorrow). Hypochondriacal ideas and delusions of impoverishment are common. Suicide is a real danger.
Mania and hypomania
Just as depression is a combination of misery and malaise, so mania is a combination of elation and energy which can progress to exhaustion and disaster.
Hypomania is the milder form of illness. there is an elevation of mood and acceleration and extension of the stream of thought, with the fight of ideas and inexhaustible energy.
Such patients are restless and excitable, cannot sleep, often will not be bothered with food and must always be busy. They launch innumerable talks, never finishing any of them.
In more severe cases, complete physical collapse from lack of sleep and nourishment may follow. The severest form of the disorder is mania wherein the patient is uncontrollably excited while the flight of ideas and pressure of thoughts may render him incoherent.
Psychoneuroses and psychosis
Psychosis is a more severe form whereas Psychoneuroses is a mild form of mental illness
Psychoneuroses – a disorder of mental function whereby patients are abnormally emotionally vulnerable or upset but retain touch with external reality at least partially.
Subconscious ideas are attained only through symbolic expression in some physical or mental disturbance eg. paralysis or a temporary loss of memory.
This physical or mental disorder depends only on mental causes eg. anxiety states, obsessive-compulsive states or hysteria.
Psychosis – a form of mental illness, whether acute or chronic, that interferes with the patient’s understanding and appreciation of what is going on in the world about him.
Psychosis is grossly disorganised, subconscious ideas are verbally expressed, view of reality distorted, behaviour abnormal and may regress to an infantile level.
Unlike the psychotic individual, the unstable individual usually realises he is ill and keen to get well, he is cooperative and unlikely to need care in an institution.
C — PSCHOMATIC DISORDERS
These disorders are psychophysiological, organic dysfunctions in which emotional factors are considered to play a causative or contributory role. Physical symptoms dominate the clinic picture.
(ii) Musculoskeletal reaction: Backache, muscle cramps and myalgias.
(iii) Respiratory reaction: Bronchial spasm and hiccoughs.
(iv) Cardiovascular reaction: Paroxysmal tachycardia, dyspnoea and hypertension.
(v) Gastrointestinal reaction: Peptic ulcer, indigestion, ulcerative colitis, constipation, pylorospasm, irritable colon, obesity due to compulsive eating and anorexia nervosa ( food aversion, self-induced, which attempts to serve as a solution of psychic conflicts ).
Disorders characterised by developmental defects in personality structure with minimal subjective anxiety and distress.
In most instances, these disorders are manifested by lifelong behaviour patterns rather than mental or emotional symptoms.
The person with such disorders rarely seeks help because of his anxiety or discomfort, more often he is referred by a family or society with whom he is unable to live in harmony. He is unable to maintain emotional equilibrium and independence under stress.
(i) Inadequate Personality
These persons show inadaptability, poor judgement, lack of physical and emotional stamina, irresponsibility and social incompatibility.
(ii) Schizoid Personality
Inherent traits are avoidance of close relations with others and the inability to express ordinary aggressive feelings. These qualities result in aloofness, emotional detachment, fearfulness and avoidance of competition.
(iii) Cyclothymic Personality
Such Individuals are characterised by apparent warmth, friendliness superficial generosity and enthusiasm for competition. They tend to have alternate periods of elation and sadness.
(iv) PPD
They have many schizoid personality traits and tend to be suspicious, envious, extremely jealous and stubborn.
(v) Emotionally unstable Personality
The individual reacts excitably and ineffectively under minor stress. Guilt, anxiety and hostility disturb his relationship with others.
(vi) Passive-aggressive Personality
These individuals tend to depend on others. They are indecisive, stubborn and inefficient. Some throw tantrums and are destructive in behaviour.
(vii) Compulsive Personality
Such individuals show chronic, excessive concern with standards of conscience. They are often inhibited and overly conscientious, with a great work capacity but unable to relax.
(viii) Antisocial Personality
These individuals are always in trouble not learning from experience or punishment. They have no loyalties and lack a sense of responsibility.
(ix) Dissocial Personality
These individuals disregard the usual social codes but have strong loyalties. They have always lived in an abnormal environment.
(x) Sexual Deviation
In this person, a satisfaction of sexual impulse is sought through such expressions as homosexuality, exhibitionism and sadism ( including rape, sexual assault, and mutilation )
(xi) Addiction
An addictive behaviour is engaging in the same activity despite knowing the drawbacks. Addiction can be with anything for example nowadays mobile addiction is very common. Here we are discussing about the most harmful addiction.
(a) Alcoholism: The harmful effects of excessive ingestion of alcohol. Many people with alcohol-using disorders ultimately suffer a disintegration of personality. The alcoholic squanders money, loses feelings of affection and responsibility, and is touchy, irritable and critical.
(b) Drug Dependence: This can lead to an individual wasting his life away and losing interest in work and family.
TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISEASES AND DISORDERS
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is that branch of medicine that is primarily concerned with disorders of thought, feeling and behaviour.
Mild psychiatric disorders are relatively common and such patients are usually treated in general practice.
Patients with severe mental illness are often referred for specialist advice to a psychiatrist.
During the past years, several important advances in the treatment of mental illness by non-drug therapies have been made. But, it must be emphasised that all methods of treatment involve a psychological approach to the patient.
Non-drug Therapy
Non-drug therapy is classified into three types
(a) Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is essentially a psychological form of treatment in which an attempt is made to reduce or abolish the maladaptive facets of the personality that disturb the patient emotionally.
The therapy can be:
Superficial, in which immediate problems are investigated.
Short-term, in which the approach may be deeper but involves only one aspect of the patient’s personality.
Deep therapy, in which early experiences and feelings are investigated.
Analytical approach, in which it may be necessary to investigate the patient’s experiences at all stages of development from infancy.
Psychotherapy can be given in several different settings depending on the needs of the patient.
The settings are:
Individual analysis, in which the patient communicates with the therapist in private.
Group psychotherapy, in which a group of patients communicate together in the presence of the therapist.
Family therapy, in which the patient and members of the immediate family meet the therapist together at one time.
Psychotherapy requires technique and training and the therapist has to be well adept in both.
(b) Electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T)
E.C.T. is one of the simplest and most effective methods of treatment for selected patients. It is most widely used for the treatment of severe depressive states and schizophrenia (in combination with phenothiazines)
The most important side effect of E.C.T. is memory disturbance.
Techniques of E.C.T
I don’t want to go into detail about the techniques of E.C.T.
In this technique, before treatment, the patient is asked to take no food for five hours.
Improvement is usually noticeable after two treatments but it is generally after four or five E.C.T that the patient himself acknowledges feeling better.
(c) Prefrontal Leucotomy
This is a surgical operation in which the white matter of the prefrontal areas is sectioned to reduce mental distress in psychological disorders.
Leucotomy is only considered as a last resort when all other forms of treatment have been given an adequate trial and failed. Typically, it is used to treat severe chronic obsessional neurosis, chronic tension states and chronic anxiety states. In some cases, it is used to treat chronic or frequently recurrent depressive illness and schizophrenia, though less commonly.
Complications of leucotomy include post-operative epilepsy, haemorrhage, and personality changes such as loss of social sense and tact.
Drug Therapy
It’s advisable to consult your psychiatrist before taking any drug.
Psychotropic drugs have effects on the mind or psychological state of the individual to whom it is administered.
Other drugs like anxiolytic, mood-regulating, antidepressant and neuroleptic are used for a specific action.
It’s always better to remain healthy and fit and live a stress-free life. Consult your doctor as soon as you find any symptoms of mental diseases and disorders.
This information about mental diseases and disorders is just for your knowledge and not medical advice.
Classification of diseases helps us to diagnose the diseases at the earliest and take proper treatment by consulting your doctor.
Diseases are always attacking human beings as recently attacked by #covid19.
The major ammunition against any disease is the knowledge of the disease and precautionary measures to avoid disease.
On this page, I will just classify the diseases to understand your problem well.
A) Classification of diseases according to age/sex/environments
Paediatric diseases:
Diseases that are related to children or mainly occur in children below 15 years of age, it is further specified as neonatal diseases if it occurs in newborn babies.
Geriatric Diseases:
Diseases that are more common in older adults over 65 years old, and sometimes even up to 80 years, are classified as geriatric diseases.
Gynaecological Disorders:
Disorders in a female reproductive system are considered as gynaecological problems.
Tropical Diseases:
For any diseases that mainly occur in the tropical or subtropical areas of the world ( areas near the equator), the climate is normally warm to hot or moist year-round.
Occupational Diseases:
A disease or a disorder caused by the work or working conditions at the workplace for example airway disease, or respiratory disease such as Asthma.
B) Classification of diseases according to systems/organs
Cardiovascular Diseases:
As the name indicate the disease related to the heart and blood vessels such as heart disease, heart attack, stroke, heart failure, heart valve problems due to high blood pressure, anxiety, high cholesterol, more smoking, irregular diet, unhealthy diets, junk food, fast foods, lack of exercise such as yoga…
Gastrointestinal Diseases:
Diseases related to the digestive system such as diarrhoea and dysentery mainly caused due to infections caused by viruses or bacteria. Diseases caused due to overeating, eating junk food or fasting such as acidity. Ulceration, digestive problems and a few other diseases caused in the gastrointestinal tract are considered gastrointestinal diseases.
MusculoskeletalDisorders:
The musculoskeletal system of your body consists of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, cartilage, spinal discs, ligaments and soft tissues.
Injuries or diseases that occur in this system due to accidents, old age, exercises, wrong posture and work culture are said to be musculoskeletal disorders.
Pain and inflammation in a particular area of your body are the symptoms you may notice due to stiffness, strain, spasms, sprains, fractures and dislocation…
Low back pain, numbness tingling in hands and arms (carpal tunnel syndrome), Inflammation in a tendon (Tendonitis) due to exercise, joint pain in age-old, tension neck syndrome are some of the common musculoskeletal disorders.
Hepatic Diseases:
The disease that occurs due to the disturbance of liver function is called hepatic disease.
An active liver is responsible for many critical functions of your body and it continues doing it responsibly by repairing itself if it is damaged due to unhealthy eating, excessive drugs, alcohol, intake of toxic products…
Liver cancer, Liver failure, the disease caused by a viral infection like Hepatitis A, B and C, or due to genetic reasons are some of the hepatic diseases.
Vomiting, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss are some of the symptoms you may notice. Although a damaged liver can continue working for 9-12 years without showing you any symptoms take care of your liver.
Renal Diseases:
A disease associated with a Kidney is called Renal disease.
Symptoms of renal disease are tiredness, lack of sleep, frequent urination, blood in urine, dry or itchy skin, swelling of ankles and feet, puffiness around eyes…
Urinary tract infection, kidney stones and gradual loss of kidney function (chronic kidney disease or CKD) are some renal diseases.
Use of a lot of water, healthy eating and healthy living will take care of your kidneys.
C) Classification of diseases according to cause
Communicable diseases:
Mainly infectious or transmissible diseases come under this category. Such as Corona, AIDS, Flu, Hepatitis…
Prevention is better than cure idioms and fits very well in these types of diseases.
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases:
It’s caused by malnutrition and unhealthy eating habits hence take a healthy diet to keep away from this disease.
Allergic Disorders:
Almost everything can trigger an allergic reaction. Mainly it is dust, pollen, insect stings, certain food and latex…
The immune system of your body reacts to certain things that are not suitable for your body and show you in the form of itching, rashes on the skin, redness…
Rhinitis is a common allergic disorder.
Hereditary Diseases:
The disease that an offspring receives from his/her parents or grandparents due to the genes in DNA is hereditary.
Anaemia is a common single-gene disorder, missing or changed chromosomes cause chromosomal disorder and mutation of two or more genes causes the complex disorder.
Diseases caused by Accidents/ Trauma:
Physical or mental unexpected incidents may cause damage to the body or brain. The diseases associated with these types of conditions come in this category.
Iatrogenic diseases:
This disease is the aftereffect of a medical or surgical procedure or due to the intake of the drugs prescribed by a physician.
If you take some medicine without consulting a doctor and get a side effect then it is not counted as an Iatrogenic disease.
The best example of this disease is hair loss after chemotherapy.
Nosocomial diseases:
Hospital-acquired diseases or diseases that occur during healthcare treatment come under this category.
D) Classification of diseases according to symptoms
Acute diseases:
Suddenly you notice certain symptoms and the disease remains for a short duration like fever, cough, strep throat and appendicitis, which fall under the category of acute diseases.
Although acute diseases may be severe to moderate.
Many times you don’t need hospitalization and can be treated by taking treatment for a shorter period.
Acute myocardial infarction or pneumonia requires medical attention and extended treatment.
Chronic Diseases:
The diseases that last for more than a year or life long are chronic. It may lead to restricted mobility, diet and functioning of the body.
Heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease are a few chronic diseases.
Precautions, maintaining healthy habits and regular treatment by periodically consulting a physician can improve the quality of life.
My father maintained it for four decades despite diabetes and heart blockage.
Degenerative Diseases:
The process by which tissues or cells of the central nervous system lose their functional ability due to age-related, injuries or damage is called the degenerative process and the diseases that occur due to the degenerative process are called degenerative diseases.
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are a few examples of degenerative diseases. Memory loss is also due to the degenerative process.
Psychosomatic diseases:
Physical diseases due to mental health, frustration, and depression are psychosomatic diseases.
When the patient complains about some or another disease or pretends to be ill is called pseudo disease.
It may be due to some mental disorder hence medical attention is needed to verify that it’s a mental disorder or simply malingering.
SUM UP
To diagnose a patient or yourself you must know the classification of diseases. This will help you in finding your disease. You can take appropriate steps at the earliest.
This classification of diseases is only for your knowledge about you or a patient’s disease and without investigating a patient exact diagnosis should not be made.
Cough and cold a common ailments in almost everyone’s lifetime, which shake our body and make us uncomfortable. I hope you would like to know the causes and treatment.
Before proceeding to know the causes and treatment you should know in brief about the Respiratory system, Inflammation reaction, and Defence system. This will help you in finding the exact cause and the right treatment.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system organises the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide providing oxygen to the blood.
The human body contains 100 trillion cells or units of life. Each living cell is a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus. Every cell needs oxygen for its metabolic activities and to rid itself of carbon dioxide, through the process called respiration.
The function of the distribution of food and oxygen is carried by the cardiovascular system.
The respiratory system and circulatory system have closely integrated activities. The blood receives oxygen from the respiratory system and food from the gastrointestinal systemand circulates it throughout the body by the cardiovascular system ensuring adequate supply to the body cells.
The respiratory system is divided for descriptive purposes into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the dividing line being Adam’s apple in the neck.
The upper respiratory tract
The pyramid-shaped nose extends beyond into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The mucous membrane is lined by ciliated epithelium and has a rich vascular supply. The inspired air is warmed by vascularity and cilia covered in sticky mucus trap foreign particles and bacteria, moving them towards the pharynx.
The whole respiratory epithelium down to the terminal bronchioles is equipped with cilia which play an important role in the prevention of respiratory infection.
Every 20 minutes the nose produces a clean new mucus blanket.
The nasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities by narrowing the openings & are frequently involved in nasal and nasopharyngeal infections.
Adequate drainage of infected sinuses is prevented by inflammatory swelling of the mucosa lining their narrow openings and as a result, resolution of sinus infection is often slow and sometimes incomplete.
The larynx in addition to being the organ of voice production has also the function of preventing larger particles from reaching the lower respiratory tract. This is done by means of the cough reflex.
The cough may be either a voluntary act or a reflex response to the irritation of the respiratory mucosa meditated through a centre in the medulla. It consists of a forceful expiratory effort with the glottis closed, followed by the sudden explosive release of the pent-up air along with sputum or other irritant matter.
Lower Respiratory Tract
The lower respiratory tract consists of the Trachea, Bronchi and lungs.
The trachea begins at the lower end of the larynx and ends in the neck by bifurcation into the two main bronchi. These enter the main sub-divisions of the lungs called lobes, three on the right & two on the left.
The exchange of respiratory gases takes place in the lungs between the air in the alveoli & the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Inflammation in the early stages was considered a disease associated with the “sign of Celsus”, rubor(redness), tumour (swelling), calor( heat), and dolour(pain).
The clinical syndrome was named by applying the suffix “itis” to the organ involved eg. Rhinitis, Nasopharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis and Bronchitis were the inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs.
Further by the advancement of pathology, improvement in the designs of microscopes resulted in that “inflammation is the process by which the cells and exudate accumulate in irritated tissues and usually tend to protect them from further injury”.
The cause of inflammation was primary irritants such as many poisonous chemical substances or toxins of pathogenic bacteria.
VIRUSES
Of all the body enemies, the simplest & most devious are the viruses, strictly speaking, a virus is not even alive, it is a protein-coated bundle of genes containing instructions for making copies of itself( replication).
When a virus slips inside one of our cells, it issues instructions causing the cell to produce hundreds of new identical viruses within the course of a day.
Eventually, they rupture the cell, killing it. Then they fan out to invade nearby cells. Initially, the odds are on the side of the invader.
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
There are one trillion cells in the body’s immune system to defend it from microbial invasion. these multiply in the bone marrow and form three distinct regiments- the phagocytes and two kinds of lymphocytes, the T cells and B cells. Each has its own defence strategies.
As a result, the redness is explained by dilated blood vessels, the swelling by the collection of exudate(pus-like) and the pain by resulting compression of peripherals nerves.
The white blood cells come to lie against the walls of the blood vessels and by diapedesis come into tissue spaces, to devour any invading micro-organisms.
Phagocytes
In the case of a cell bursting open by multiplying cold virus, the patrolling phagocytes fall upon the remnants and gobble up the wreckage, consuming some of the viruses in the process.
The phagocytes can not destroy the viruses quickly and prevent them from infecting healthy cells.
Macrophage
Next, a special kind of phagocyte called a macrophage arrives and engulfs the cold viruses. It bites off a special part of the virus, the antigen as a marker to supply the required intelligence about the specific nature of the invaders.
This plays a critical role in the immune system since it alerts highly specialised T cells circulating through the body. They recognize the virus by shape. The antigens on the virus fit exactly into the T cell receptor.
T Cells
The T cells are produced in the thymus, a pale-grey gland behind the sternum, by the tens of millions. The T cells are known as helper Ts.
It first detects antigens that are instrumental in sending urgent chemical signals for producing killer T cells trained to recognize the specific enemy.
Soon an enormous number of these killer T cells are reproduced. They chemically puncture cells before the viruses inside have time to multiply. In the process, these cells are destroyed.
Besides summoning the killer Ts, helper Ts alert the last major regiment of the immune system, the B cells.
B Cells
These are produced in the lymph nodes. The B cells produce chemical weapons called antibodies which are immunoglobulins.
By sticking to the surface of pathogenic organisms(such as viruses, bacteria or fungi) antibody molecules increase the chemotropic affinity for phagocytes to zero in on them.
As the immune defences of the body gather the tide turns against the microbes.
Wow!!! what a defence system.
Causes of cough and cold
The common causes of cough and cold are:
1 Respiratory tract infection:
An infectious disease that affects the respiratory system is called respiratory tract infection or in short RTI. Symptoms associated with RTI are cough, sneezing, stuffy or running nose, mild to high fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, breathing problems, chest congestion or wheezing,
2 Allergies
Allergy is one of the main reasons for cough and cold. Allergic to dust particles may occur in rhinitis frequently.
3 Asthma or chronic bronchitis:
Difficulty in breathing is called asthma. Inflammation of the bronchi is called bronchitis. If bronchitis remains for a longer period it is said chronic bronchitis. There are many reasons for asthma or chronic bronchitis. Better to consult your doctor.
4 Changing weather:
It’s been noted that cough and cold are very common during the changing weather. Better to protect yourself during changing weather. For example, avoid cold water, ice cream or cold drinks when the winter is going to start.
5 Additional causes of cough and cold
Cough is the response to expel foreign particles or microbes. Nothing to worry about cough in case it doesn’t persist for a longer duration. A glass of water can soothe the irritation.
The common cold as its name implies is one of the commonest infectious diseases caused by the number of viruses which is increasing as more of them are recognised.
The infection spreads readily through inhaling the droplets containing rhinovirus from an infected individual.
When the patient is recovering from an attack of severe viral infections the symptoms are more severe. This is due to the slow resolution of the inflammatory reaction and immune system.
Home remedies for cough and cold
It has been lightly said that cold if treated lasts for a week, if untreated it lasts for seven days.
The common cold is so frequent in occurrence. It is better to use home remedies instead of most advertised cough syrups or other remedies.
a) Gingerhas anti-inflammatory properties, make a paste or use a readymade paste of ginger. Honey has an anti-bacterial property. Lick the mixture of ginger paste with honey. It will provide a soothing effect and relief from cough and cold. 2 teaspoons 2-3 times a day gives sufficient relief.
b) Salt-warm water gargle gives a soothing effect due to reducing inflammation & pain in the throat. It also removes the mucus buildup in the respiratory tract & nasal cavity. When you flush your nose with saline solution, it helps to clear out any bacteria or viruses that may be lingering and causing congestion. This can be especially helpful during cold and flu season when these types of infections are more common.
c) Steam inhalation clears up the nasal and respiratory tract.
d) Hydrate with fluid to avoid sore throat causing cough. Water is one of the best for hydration. You can also use Herbal Tea.
e) Avoid acid-creating food.
f) Increase immunity by taking Chyawanprash, an age-old Ayurvedic jam made up of more than 20 herbs and spices. Apart from increasing immunity, it’s beneficial as a blood purifier, eradicating toxic elements, and also helpful for the brain. Chyawanprash is beneficial for all age groups.
These home remedies are effective and harmless.
Treatment for cough and cold
On-the-counter medicines available don’t cure but give symptomatic relief.
The drugs used for cough and cold are:
1 Drugs for the respiratory system
Drugs affecting the respiratory system are mainly of five type
(a) Respiratory stimulants.
(b) Antispasmodic: drugs decreasing or abolishing spasms of the bronchial muscles.
(c) Expectorants: drugs which facilitate the expulsion of bronchial secretion(sputum)
(d) Cough depressants or suppressants.
(e) Antihistamines: drugs that antagonise the action of histamine by blocking the histamine receptors in the tissues.
2 Antipyretic and Analgesic
Fever and pain are common symptoms during cough and cold. The drugs used to reduce pain and fever are:
(a) Analgesic: drugs which relieve pain
(b) Antipyretic: drugs that reduce the temperature of the body.
3 Antibiotics and Antiviral
Since cough and cold are an infection. Antibiotics and antiviral agents eradicate infection. A lot of antibiotics and antiviral drugs are available in the market that are effective on cough and cold. Let your doctor decide the best for you.
4 Anti-Allergic
Cough and cold may occur due to allergic reactions. Anti-allergic drugs are useful to treat cough and cold.
So many complications in just a simple common cough and cold, hence it’s advisable to always visit your doctor instead of taking medicine over the counter.
Disclaimer
This article is just sharing knowledge. It’s not medical advice.
World Mental Health Day is celebrated on the 10th of October every year to raise awareness about mental health issues and to promote mental well-being.
What is the theme of World Mental Health Day 2023
The theme for World Mental Health Day 2023 is “Make Mental Health and Well-being for All a Global Priority.” Given the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health worldwide, this theme is of utmost relevance and importance.
According to the World Health Organization, over 260 million people worldwide suffer from depression, and over 20% of the global population experiences anxiety disorders. These are just two of the most common mental health conditions, and many others affect people of all ages, genders, and backgrounds.
Mental Diseases and Disorders
Know complete information about types of mental health disorders and their treatment.
Mental health is just as important as physical health, and it is very important to take care of our mental well-being just like we take care of our physical health. There are many things we can do to promote our mental well-being, such as:
Eating a healthy diet
Getting regular exercise
Getting enough sleep
Practicing relaxation techniques
Spending time with loved ones
Seeking professional help if needed
If you are struggling with your mental health, please know that you are not alone. There are many resources available to help you, and there is no shame in seeking help.
Tips for good mental health
Here are some additional tips for taking care of your mental health:
Be kind to yourself: Everyone makes mistakes, and it’s important to forgive yourself for your imperfections.
Focus on the positive: It can be easy to focus on the negative aspects of our lives, but it’s important to make an effort to appreciate the good things as well.
Set realistic goals: Don’t try to do too much at once, or you’ll set yourself up for failure.
Take breaks: When you’re feeling overwhelmed, take a step back and give yourself a break. Go for a walk, listen to music, or do something else that you enjoy.
Ask for help: If you’re struggling to cope on your own, don’t be afraid to ask for help from a friend, family member, therapist, or other mental health professional.
Remember, you are not alone. Many people care about you and want to help.
Knowing the symptoms and types of Glaucoma helps to detect, treat and prevent vision loss.
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to vision loss. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. While there is no cure for glaucoma, it can be controlled with treatment. That’s why early detection and treatment are so important.
Let’s learn more about this condition, its risk factors and symptoms, and what we can do to better treat and prevent it.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries information from your eyes to your brain and when it’s damaged, you can lose vision.
Types of Glaucoma
There are different types of glaucoma but the most common type are:-
Open-angle Glaucoma.
This happens when the drainage system in your eye doesn’t work properly and fluid builds up in your eye, damaging the optic nerve.
Angle-closure glaucoma.
This happens when your iris (the coloured part of your eye) blocks the drainage system in your eye, preventing fluid from draining properly. This causes a pressure build-up which damages the optic nerve.
Other Types of Glaucoma
There are other less common types of glaucoma as well, such as low-tension or normal-tension, congenital, secondary, pediatric, pigmentary, traumatic, and exfoliation syndrome–related glaucoma.
Risk Factors for Glaucoma
There are several risk factors associated with developing glaucoma:
Age (over 60 years old)
Family history
Race (African American, Hispanic/Latino descent)
Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension or other medical disorders
People who have had an injury to their eyes or certain ocular surgery may also be at increased risk for developing this condition.
Glaucoma Symptoms
The early stages of open-angle glaucoma usually don’t have any symptoms, so it often goes undetected until it has caused significant damage to one’s vision. However, there may be symptoms associated with other types, such as angle-closure glaucoma.
These symptoms can include:-
1 Pain in one or both eyes
2 Sudden onset of severe headache
3 Rainbow-coloured halos around lights
4 Vomiting and Nausea (vomiting sensation)
5 Redness in one or both eyes
6 Pressure on the eyes
7 Blurred vision
If you experience these symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention. If left untreated, they could result in permanent loss of sight within only a few days.
Early Detection And Treatment
Regular eye exams with an optometrist or ophthalmologist are crucial for detecting glaucoma early. This is especially true if you’re over the age of 60 or have any of the other risk factors mentioned above.
Living With Glaucoma
If you have received a diagnosis of glaucoma, it is of utmost importance that you adhere to your prescribed treatment plan and schedule regular appointments with your doctor.
Fortunately, there are several treatment options available for glaucoma, including eye drops, oral medications, laser surgery, and traditional surgery. By following your treatment plan and seeking regular medical care, you can effectively manage glaucoma and protect your vision.
You may also need to make some lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and eating a healthy diet. Exercising regularly and managing other medical conditions can also help control glaucoma.
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to vision loss, but it can be controlled with treatment. Early detection is key to preventing vision loss from glaucoma.
Read more blogs related to health. Please share this blog on your social media profile to help others to prevent Glaucoma.
The role of pharmacists in pharma marketing is a pillar of the pharma industry. Pharmacists play a critical role in pharmaceutical marketing.
I remember when I was a Medical Representative a pharmacist was insisting on providing free samples to him to gain more sales from his counter. As the samples were for physicians I refused to give them to him. Anyhow I was able to make him my friend and thus got full support.
Hence the role of pharmacists is very important in pharma marketing for selling your products through prescriptions and recommending your products to other customers.
They are the primary point of contact for patients buying medicines on their prescriptions, and pharmacists have the opportunity to educate patients about new drugs and their side effects.
Pharmacists can also provide valuable insights to pharmaceutical companies about patient needs and preferences.
Here are some of the roles of pharmacists in pharmaceutical marketing:
Pharmacists role to educate patients about new drugs.
Pharmacists can provide patients with information about the benefits, risks, and side effects of new drugs. They give information about the dosages. They can also answer questions about how to take the drugs and what to do if they experience side effects.
Hence pharma marketers should provide information about the medicine and especially about new drugs.
Identifying barriers to medication adherence.
Pharmacists can help patients identify and overcome barriers to medication adherence, such as cost, forgetfulness, or difficulty understanding the instructions. Usually, they stick stickers of instructions for dosages on the strips and bottles. Thus they help the patient which in turn grows the patient faith in the pharmacists and pharma companies.
Hence the pharma marketer should communicate with the pharmacist about the difficulties they are facing and convince them by providing solutions.
Providing patient feedback to pharmaceutical companies.
Pharmacists can provide pharmaceutical companies with valuable feedback about patient needs and preferences.
This feedback can help companies develop new drugs and marketing strategies that are more effective.
In addition to these direct marketing activities, pharmacists can also help to promote pharmaceutical products indirectly. They can also promote OTC and generic products of pharmaceutical companies.
For example, they can display promotional materials in their pharmacies, or they can participate in educational events about new drugs.
Conclusion
Overall, pharmacists play a vital role in pharmaceutical marketing. They are well-positioned to educate patients about new drugs, identify barriers to medication adherence, and provide feedback to pharmaceutical companies. They can also generate extra sales for a pharma company.
By working together, pharmacists and pharmaceutical companies can help patients get the most out of their medications. It is better to make a friendly relationship with the pharmacists for the growth of your company.
Thus the role of pharmacists in pharma marketing is important and a marketer should consider pharmacists in their planning.
The skills required for pharma marketing are constantly evolving and provide the best career opportunities in the Pharmaceuticals industry. This industry is growing hence there will always be a need for skilled marketing professionals.
These skills are important since it helps you in your career growth through your job performance, and communication with your seniors, colleagues and your clients.
Some of the most important skills include:
Project planning and management:
Various projects are regularly going on in the pharmaceutical industry. It may be a new formulation or a different drug delivery system. These innovations help to grow the industries as well as beneficial for patients.
Acquiring complete knowledge of the project, making the plan and managing it properly makes the project successful.
Pharmaceutical marketing campaigns can be complex and require careful planning. Marketers need to be able to identify the capacity of the drug manufacturer, the target audience, develop the marketing message, and select the right channels to reach the targeted audience.
Problem-solving:
Pharmaceutical marketing is constantly evolving, and marketers need to be able to adapt to change. They need to be able to identify and solve problems quickly and efficiently.
It requires your decision-making ability and also the ability to analyse and evaluate the situation and take action appropriately.
Communication skills for pharma marketing:
Pharmaceutical marketers need to be able to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences, including doctors, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. They need to be able to explain complex medical concepts clearly and concisely. Communication skills are a must for pharma marketing.
Specialization skills for pharma marketing:
Pharmaceutical marketing is a specialized field, and marketers need to have a deep understanding of the industry. They need to know the latest trends, regulations, and technologies.
Apart from marketing knowledge you also need knowledge of pharmaceutics, pharmacology, anatomy and physiology of the human body. This will help you in communicating medical terminology with ease.
Good initiative:
Pharmaceutical marketers need to be able to take initiative and work independently. They need to be able to identify opportunities and develop creative marketing strategies.
Managerial skills for Pharma Marketing:
Pharmaceutical marketers often need to manage projects and budgets. They need to be able to delegate tasks, track progress, and make necessary adjustments.
Business awareness:
Pharmaceutical marketers need to have a strong understanding of the business world. They need to know how to develop and execute marketing strategies that meet the company’s goals.
Attentiveness skills for pharma marketing:
Pharmaceutical marketers need to be attentive to the needs of their target audience. They need to be able to identify and respond to changes in the market.
Regulations:
Pharmaceutical marketing is highly regulated, so marketers need to be familiar with the latest regulations. They need to ensure that their marketing materials are compliant with all applicable laws and regulations.
Ethics:
Pharmaceutical marketing is a highly ethical field, so marketers need to be aware of the ethical considerations involved in marketing pharmaceutical products. They need to ensure that their marketing materials are truthful and accurate and that they do not make any misleading claims.
How to Succeed in Pharma Marketing
If you are interested in a career in pharma marketing, you should have a strong academic background in pharmacy, marketing, business, or a related field. You should also have experience in writing, communication, and project management. You should also be able to work independently and as part of a team.
Here are some additional tips for success in pharma marketing:
Stay up-to-date on the latest trends and regulations.
The pharmaceutical industry is constantly changing, so it is important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and regulations. You can do this by reading industry publications, attending industry events, and networking with other professionals in the field.
Develop strong relationships with key stakeholders.
To be successful in pharma marketing, you need to develop strong relationships with key stakeholders, such as doctors, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. These relationships will help you to understand the needs of your target audience and develop effective marketing campaigns.
Be creative and innovative.
The pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive market, so it is important to be creative and innovative in your marketing strategies. You need to find ways to stand out from the competition and reach your target audience in a meaningful way.
Be passionate about the industry.
Finally, it is important to be passionate about the pharmaceutical industry if you want to be successful in pharma marketing. This passion will show through your work and help you to connect with your target audience.
Conclusion
Skills are important to build your expertise in the pharmaceutical industry and for your career growth. You may or may not have some skills but if you are eager to develop your abilities you can very well succeed in your life. Hence develop important skills for pharma marketing and make your career in the pharma industry.
