Nafithromycin stands out as a groundbreaking achievement in India’s pharmaceutical landscape, being one of the first antibiotics developed within the country. As a member of the macrolide antibiotic class, it has demonstrated significant potential in combating various bacterial infections.
This milestone underscores India’s advancing capabilities in pharmaceutical research and development and plays a vital role in the global battle against antibiotic resistance. By fostering the creation of homegrown antibiotics like Nafithromycin, we can ensure a reliable supply of effective treatments while decreasing dependency on imports, ultimately enhancing public health and safety.
Nafithromycin the Answer to Antibiotic Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance has long been a significant global issue, with pharmaceutical companies working diligently to develop new medicines to combat it worldwide. After years of facing challenges and putting in relentless effort, a breakthrough has finally been achieved. After three decades of research and hard work, India has pioneered the creation of Nafithromycin, the country’s first indigenous macrolide antibiotic. This significant achievement represents a crucial moment in the battle against antimicrobial resistance, highlighting India’s enhanced capabilities in pharmaceutical innovation.
What is Antimicrobial resistance?
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites evolve to resist the effects of medications designed to kill or inhibit them, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This makes standard treatments ineffective, leading to persistent infections and increasing the risk of spread, severe illness, and death.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural process caused by genetic changes in pathogens over time. However, human activities significantly accelerate its spread, especially the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, resulting in approximately 600,000 deaths in India annually due to resistant infections.
Nafithromycin is ten times more effective than Azithromycin
Nafithromycin is a ten times more effective antibiotic than current treatments like Azithromycin and provides a three-day treatment regimen. Thus it significantly shortens the recovery time while improving patient outcomes.
Nafithromycin is intended to treat both typical and atypical drug-resistant bacteria. Thus making it an essential tool in combating the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It offers enhanced safety, minimal side effects, and no major drug interactions.
Nafithromycin marks a historic milestone as the first new antibiotic in its class introduced globally in over 30 years. The drug has undergone extensive clinical trials in the U.S., Europe, and India.
Breaking Barriers: The Story Behind Nafithromycin, India’s First Antibiotic
Developing new antimicrobials is challenging, time-consuming, and often not financially viable for pharmaceutical companies. As resistance grows, our arsenal of effective drugs is shrinking.
Nafithromycin has been developed with an investment of ₹500 crores. It has been developed by Wockhardt with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council.
Nafithromycin was officially launched by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh on November 20, 2024. Nafithromycin is sold under the brand name “Miqnaf”. Furthermore, it targets community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, drug resistance disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children, older people, and individuals with compromised immune systems.
Besides developing Nafithromycin, the Government of India has undertaken significant actions to fight Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) through various strategic initiatives focused on surveillance, awareness, and collaboration. These initiatives aim to strengthen AMR containment, enhance infection control, and promote global cooperation.
The nervous system is concerned with the integration and control of all body functions.
In my previous page regarding Systems of the Human Body, I promised you, to provide detailed information on all major systems. Certainly, this page is to keep my promise.
The human body is a complex nerve-muscle machine. It is more intricate and works more efficiently than any machine invented by men till now. All functions, including moment, both voluntary or involuntary, and secretion, are under the control of a complicated “telephone” system (the nervous system), complete with exchange, transmitting and receiving lines. These are connected to a complex supercomputer, the brain.
Sub-divisions of the nervous system
Although for descriptive purposes, the nervous system may be subdivided into two parts. It functions as a coordinated whole.
The nervous system has two major parts
a) Central Nervous System(CNS):
The brain and spinal cord are the main organs of the Central Nervous system. Moreover, it is the control centre of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing information from the senses, generating thoughts and emotions, and controlling movement and other bodily functions.
The CNS is a complex and fascinating system essential for human life. Moreover, it is responsible for everything we think, feel, and do.
i) Brain
The brain is the largest and most complex organ in the human body. Further, it is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right brain, connected by a bundle of nerves called the corpus callosum.
Functions of brain
The brain is responsible for a wide range of functions, including:
Thought and consciousness: The brain is responsible for our ability to think, reason, and be aware of ourselves and our surroundings.
Sensory processing: The brain receives information from the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. It processes this information and creates a perception of the world around us.
Movement: The brain controls our ability to move our muscles. It sends signals to the spinal cord, which then sends signals to the muscles to contract or relax.
Emotions: The brain is responsible for our ability to feel emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.
Language: The brain is responsible for our ability to understand and produce language.
The brain is that part of the CNS which lies within the cavity of the skull. It consists of the following parts;
1 The cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
2 The mid-brain
3 The Pons
4 The medulla oblongata
5 The cerebellum
The brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone (skull and vertebral column) and also by three coverings that are called meninges. These meninges are the dura mater(outer layer), arachnoid mater(middle layer) and pia mater(inner layer).
Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is a sub-arachnoid space that contains a fluid. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and has several important functions. The dura mater is a tough fibrous membrane that lines the skull. It also encloses the spinal cord in a membranous tube within the neural canal.
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. It is situated within the vertebral column. Moreover, in the adult, it is 43 cm long and ends at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the first cord and correspond to the segments of the vertebral column.
Functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord has two functions. Since it consists mainly of nerve fibres its most important role is to transmit the information to the brain from the periphery or vice-versa.
In addition, the spinal cord provides an important defence mechanism that enables emergency action. This action is taken without direct references to the brain. That is why it is called spinal reflex.
b) Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a vast network of nerves that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It is responsible for carrying information between the brain and spinal cord and the muscles, organs, and sensory receptors throughout the body.
The PNS is essential for the body to function properly. It allows us to move our bodies, feel the world around us, and maintain our internal environment.
Below are some of the details of PNS.
The PNS consists of nerves, which are bundles of nerve fibres.
Nerves are classified as either sensory nerves, motor nerves, or mixed nerves.
Sensory nerves carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor nerves carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles.
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor information.
The PNS also contains ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve branches are in the entire body from the spinal cord to all body parts. The function of the nerves is called a Peripheral Nervous System. It includes
Peripheral nerves
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Neuromuscular junctions.
Major components of the nervous system
There is no function of the body, which is not connected to the nervous system.
1 Neuron
The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. They receive sensory input, send motor commands to muscles, and relay electrical signals.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the Neuron i.e. nerve cell.
A single unit of neurons has a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
Dendrites of the neuron(the receptors of nerve impulses) are branches in structure.
One of the dendrites is elongated and is called AXON which imparts the nerve impulses to the dendron of the other neuron cell.
A collection of these many neurons forms the nervous tissue unit, which again unites to form a nerve.
The substance which is released from the nerve endings is called neurotransmitters.
These neurons have a protection layer called MYELIN SHEATH. Fatty Acids and proteins are required for the synthesis of this myelin sheath.
2 Autonomic nervous system
This system is responsible for involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. It is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which is a physiological reaction to stress. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and it diverts blood flow away from the digestive system and towards the muscles.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest-and-digest” response. It decreases heart rate and blood pressure, and it slows respiration and digestion.
3 Somatic nervous system
This is responsible for voluntary movement. It carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, telling them to contract or relax. The somatic nervous system is also responsible for the sensation, such as touch, pain, temperature, and pressure.
The voluntary component of the peripheral nervous system. It allows us to feel the sensation from the skin and perform voluntary body movements.
Reasons for problems
The main source of energy for the brain and nervous system is glucose. That is obtained from carbohydrates.
When there lack of nutrition, start impaired functioning of the nervous system and neuromuscular structures resulting in
Mental confusion
Diminished brain functioning
Sensory loss
Loss of muscular coordination
Muscular apathy etc
Diseases caused by the lack of nutrition are
Parkinson’s disease affects movement, often including tremors.
Alzheimer’s disease affects brain function, memory and behaviour.
Bell’s palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, mainly on one side.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder when the brain activities are abnormally causing seizures or periods of unusual activities
Primarily Neuritises are because of metabolic derangement and are mainly confined to carbohydrate metabolism. But, metabolism being a complex chemical process, disturbance in one factor leads to disturbances of the other factors. Carbohydrates, Protein and fats are not utilized by the body as such. Moreover, Carbohydrate is hydrolyzed into glucose. Proteins into Amino AcidsFats into fatty acids.
Metabolism is the conversion, hydrolyzation and finally utilization of energy, synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and their utilization for tissue building and tissue repairs.
For these chemical intermediary changes, certain enzymes and co-enzymes are essential.
A Body normally produces enzymes and coenzymes. And food helps to produce co-enzymes. Moreover, the lack of these co-enzymes deranges those metabolic processes resulting in the problem of the nervous system.
Sometimes, because of poison, drug toxicity and certain other factors lead to the depletion of these co-enzymes also resulting above changes.
How to avoid nervous system problems.
Exercise daily which increases blood flow and natural painkillers called endorphins produced by the central nervous system give relief from stress and pain
Take a balanced diet including vitamins B1, B6, B12, proteins, soya bean provides the best protein, vitamins & minerals
Take green leafy vegetables enriched in vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin E and magnesium essential for the nervous system
Take plenty of water
Do enough rest/sleep
Check up diabetes, and blood pressure which may cause neuro disorders
Don’t use tobacco products, quit smoking
Consult your Doctor
SUM UP
Enjoy a healthy life by enjoying life. Don’t be shy about laughing loudly, it’s the best medicine. Enjoy music, dance and sex (it’s also an exercise)
Classification of diseases helps us to diagnose the diseases at the earliest and take proper treatment by consulting your doctor.
Diseases are always attacking human beings as recently attacked by #covid19.
The major ammunition against any disease is the knowledge of the disease and precautionary measures to avoid disease.
On this page, I will just classify the diseases to understand your problem well.
A) Classification of diseases according to age/sex/environments
Paediatric diseases:
Diseases that are related to children or mainly occur in children below 15 years of age, it is further specified as neonatal diseases if it occurs in newborn babies.
Geriatric Diseases:
Diseases that are more common in older adults over 65 years old, and sometimes even up to 80 years, are classified as geriatric diseases.
Gynaecological Disorders:
Disorders in a female reproductive system are considered as gynaecological problems.
Tropical Diseases:
For any diseases that mainly occur in the tropical or subtropical areas of the world ( areas near the equator), the climate is normally warm to hot or moist year-round.
Occupational Diseases:
A disease or a disorder caused by the work or working conditions at the workplace for example airway disease, or respiratory disease such as Asthma.
B) Classification of diseases according to systems/organs
Cardiovascular Diseases:
As the name indicate the disease related to the heart and blood vessels such as heart disease, heart attack, stroke, heart failure, heart valve problems due to high blood pressure, anxiety, high cholesterol, more smoking, irregular diet, unhealthy diets, junk food, fast foods, lack of exercise such as yoga…
Gastrointestinal Diseases:
Diseases related to the digestive system such as diarrhoea and dysentery mainly caused due to infections caused by viruses or bacteria. Diseases caused due to overeating, eating junk food or fasting such as acidity. Ulceration, digestive problems and a few other diseases caused in the gastrointestinal tract are considered gastrointestinal diseases.
MusculoskeletalDisorders:
The musculoskeletal system of your body consists of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, cartilage, spinal discs, ligaments and soft tissues.
Injuries or diseases that occur in this system due to accidents, old age, exercises, wrong posture and work culture are said to be musculoskeletal disorders.
Pain and inflammation in a particular area of your body are the symptoms you may notice due to stiffness, strain, spasms, sprains, fractures and dislocation…
Low back pain, numbness tingling in hands and arms (carpal tunnel syndrome), Inflammation in a tendon (Tendonitis) due to exercise, joint pain in age-old, tension neck syndrome are some of the common musculoskeletal disorders.
Hepatic Diseases:
The disease that occurs due to the disturbance of liver function is called hepatic disease.
An active liver is responsible for many critical functions of your body and it continues doing it responsibly by repairing itself if it is damaged due to unhealthy eating, excessive drugs, alcohol, intake of toxic products…
Liver cancer, Liver failure, the disease caused by a viral infection like Hepatitis A, B and C, or due to genetic reasons are some of the hepatic diseases.
Vomiting, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss are some of the symptoms you may notice. Although a damaged liver can continue working for 9-12 years without showing you any symptoms take care of your liver.
Renal Diseases:
A disease associated with a Kidney is called Renal disease.
Symptoms of renal disease are tiredness, lack of sleep, frequent urination, blood in urine, dry or itchy skin, swelling of ankles and feet, puffiness around eyes…
Urinary tract infection, kidney stones and gradual loss of kidney function (chronic kidney disease or CKD) are some renal diseases.
Use of a lot of water, healthy eating and healthy living will take care of your kidneys.
C) Classification of diseases according to cause
Communicable diseases:
Mainly infectious or transmissible diseases come under this category. Such as Corona, AIDS, Flu, Hepatitis…
Prevention is better than cure idioms and fits very well in these types of diseases.
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases:
It’s caused by malnutrition and unhealthy eating habits hence take a healthy diet to keep away from this disease.
Allergic Disorders:
Almost everything can trigger an allergic reaction. Mainly it is dust, pollen, insect stings, certain food and latex…
The immune system of your body reacts to certain things that are not suitable for your body and show you in the form of itching, rashes on the skin, redness…
Rhinitis is a common allergic disorder.
Hereditary Diseases:
The disease that an offspring receives from his/her parents or grandparents due to the genes in DNA is hereditary.
Anaemia is a common single-gene disorder, missing or changed chromosomes cause chromosomal disorder and mutation of two or more genes causes the complex disorder.
Diseases caused by Accidents/ Trauma:
Physical or mental unexpected incidents may cause damage to the body or brain. The diseases associated with these types of conditions come in this category.
Iatrogenic diseases:
This disease is the aftereffect of a medical or surgical procedure or due to the intake of the drugs prescribed by a physician.
If you take some medicine without consulting a doctor and get a side effect then it is not counted as an Iatrogenic disease.
The best example of this disease is hair loss after chemotherapy.
Nosocomial diseases:
Hospital-acquired diseases or diseases that occur during healthcare treatment come under this category.
D) Classification of diseases according to symptoms
Acute diseases:
Suddenly you notice certain symptoms and the disease remains for a short duration like fever, cough, strep throat and appendicitis, which fall under the category of acute diseases.
Although acute diseases may be severe to moderate.
Many times you don’t need hospitalization and can be treated by taking treatment for a shorter period.
Acute myocardial infarction or pneumonia requires medical attention and extended treatment.
Chronic Diseases:
The diseases that last for more than a year or life long are chronic. It may lead to restricted mobility, diet and functioning of the body.
Heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease are a few chronic diseases.
Precautions, maintaining healthy habits and regular treatment by periodically consulting a physician can improve the quality of life.
My father maintained it for four decades despite diabetes and heart blockage.
Degenerative Diseases:
The process by which tissues or cells of the central nervous system lose their functional ability due to age-related, injuries or damage is called the degenerative process and the diseases that occur due to the degenerative process are called degenerative diseases.
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are a few examples of degenerative diseases. Memory loss is also due to the degenerative process.
Psychosomatic diseases:
Physical diseases due to mental health, frustration, and depression are psychosomatic diseases.
When the patient complains about some or another disease or pretends to be ill is called pseudo disease.
It may be due to some mental disorder hence medical attention is needed to verify that it’s a mental disorder or simply malingering.
SUM UP
To diagnose a patient or yourself you must know the classification of diseases. This will help you in finding your disease. You can take appropriate steps at the earliest.
This classification of diseases is only for your knowledge about you or a patient’s disease and without investigating a patient exact diagnosis should not be made.
Cough and cold a common ailments in almost everyone’s lifetime, which shake our body and make us uncomfortable. I hope you would like to know the causes and treatment.
Before proceeding to know the causes and treatment you should know in brief about the Respiratory system, Inflammation reaction, and Defence system. This will help you in finding the exact cause and the right treatment.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system organises the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide providing oxygen to the blood.
The human body contains 100 trillion cells or units of life. Each living cell is a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus. Every cell needs oxygen for its metabolic activities and to rid itself of carbon dioxide, through the process called respiration.
The function of the distribution of food and oxygen is carried by the cardiovascular system.
The respiratory system and circulatory system have closely integrated activities. The blood receives oxygen from the respiratory system and food from the gastrointestinal systemand circulates it throughout the body by the cardiovascular system ensuring adequate supply to the body cells.
The respiratory system is divided for descriptive purposes into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the dividing line being Adam’s apple in the neck.
The upper respiratory tract
The pyramid-shaped nose extends beyond into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The mucous membrane is lined by ciliated epithelium and has a rich vascular supply. The inspired air is warmed by vascularity and cilia covered in sticky mucus trap foreign particles and bacteria, moving them towards the pharynx.
The whole respiratory epithelium down to the terminal bronchioles is equipped with cilia which play an important role in the prevention of respiratory infection.
Every 20 minutes the nose produces a clean new mucus blanket.
The nasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities by narrowing the openings & are frequently involved in nasal and nasopharyngeal infections.
Adequate drainage of infected sinuses is prevented by inflammatory swelling of the mucosa lining their narrow openings and as a result, resolution of sinus infection is often slow and sometimes incomplete.
The larynx in addition to being the organ of voice production has also the function of preventing larger particles from reaching the lower respiratory tract. This is done by means of the cough reflex.
The cough may be either a voluntary act or a reflex response to the irritation of the respiratory mucosa meditated through a centre in the medulla. It consists of a forceful expiratory effort with the glottis closed, followed by the sudden explosive release of the pent-up air along with sputum or other irritant matter.
Lower Respiratory Tract
The lower respiratory tract consists of the Trachea, Bronchi and lungs.
The trachea begins at the lower end of the larynx and ends in the neck by bifurcation into the two main bronchi. These enter the main sub-divisions of the lungs called lobes, three on the right & two on the left.
The exchange of respiratory gases takes place in the lungs between the air in the alveoli & the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Inflammation in the early stages was considered a disease associated with the “sign of Celsus”, rubor(redness), tumour (swelling), calor( heat), and dolour(pain).
The clinical syndrome was named by applying the suffix “itis” to the organ involved eg. Rhinitis, Nasopharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis and Bronchitis were the inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs.
Further by the advancement of pathology, improvement in the designs of microscopes resulted in that “inflammation is the process by which the cells and exudate accumulate in irritated tissues and usually tend to protect them from further injury”.
The cause of inflammation was primary irritants such as many poisonous chemical substances or toxins of pathogenic bacteria.
VIRUSES
Of all the body enemies, the simplest & most devious are the viruses, strictly speaking, a virus is not even alive, it is a protein-coated bundle of genes containing instructions for making copies of itself( replication).
When a virus slips inside one of our cells, it issues instructions causing the cell to produce hundreds of new identical viruses within the course of a day.
Eventually, they rupture the cell, killing it. Then they fan out to invade nearby cells. Initially, the odds are on the side of the invader.
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
There are one trillion cells in the body’s immune system to defend it from microbial invasion. these multiply in the bone marrow and form three distinct regiments- the phagocytes and two kinds of lymphocytes, the T cells and B cells. Each has its own defence strategies.
As a result, the redness is explained by dilated blood vessels, the swelling by the collection of exudate(pus-like) and the pain by resulting compression of peripherals nerves.
The white blood cells come to lie against the walls of the blood vessels and by diapedesis come into tissue spaces, to devour any invading micro-organisms.
Phagocytes
In the case of a cell bursting open by multiplying cold virus, the patrolling phagocytes fall upon the remnants and gobble up the wreckage, consuming some of the viruses in the process.
The phagocytes can not destroy the viruses quickly and prevent them from infecting healthy cells.
Macrophage
Next, a special kind of phagocyte called a macrophage arrives and engulfs the cold viruses. It bites off a special part of the virus, the antigen as a marker to supply the required intelligence about the specific nature of the invaders.
This plays a critical role in the immune system since it alerts highly specialised T cells circulating through the body. They recognize the virus by shape. The antigens on the virus fit exactly into the T cell receptor.
T Cells
The T cells are produced in the thymus, a pale-grey gland behind the sternum, by the tens of millions. The T cells are known as helper Ts.
It first detects antigens that are instrumental in sending urgent chemical signals for producing killer T cells trained to recognize the specific enemy.
Soon an enormous number of these killer T cells are reproduced. They chemically puncture cells before the viruses inside have time to multiply. In the process, these cells are destroyed.
Besides summoning the killer Ts, helper Ts alert the last major regiment of the immune system, the B cells.
B Cells
These are produced in the lymph nodes. The B cells produce chemical weapons called antibodies which are immunoglobulins.
By sticking to the surface of pathogenic organisms(such as viruses, bacteria or fungi) antibody molecules increase the chemotropic affinity for phagocytes to zero in on them.
As the immune defences of the body gather the tide turns against the microbes.
Wow!!! what a defence system.
Causes of cough and cold
The common causes of cough and cold are:
1 Respiratory tract infection:
An infectious disease that affects the respiratory system is called respiratory tract infection or in short RTI. Symptoms associated with RTI are cough, sneezing, stuffy or running nose, mild to high fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, breathing problems, chest congestion or wheezing,
2 Allergies
Allergy is one of the main reasons for cough and cold. Allergic to dust particles may occur in rhinitis frequently.
3 Asthma or chronic bronchitis:
Difficulty in breathing is called asthma. Inflammation of the bronchi is called bronchitis. If bronchitis remains for a longer period it is said chronic bronchitis. There are many reasons for asthma or chronic bronchitis. Better to consult your doctor.
4 Changing weather:
It’s been noted that cough and cold are very common during the changing weather. Better to protect yourself during changing weather. For example, avoid cold water, ice cream or cold drinks when the winter is going to start.
5 Additional causes of cough and cold
Cough is the response to expel foreign particles or microbes. Nothing to worry about cough in case it doesn’t persist for a longer duration. A glass of water can soothe the irritation.
The common cold as its name implies is one of the commonest infectious diseases caused by the number of viruses which is increasing as more of them are recognised.
The infection spreads readily through inhaling the droplets containing rhinovirus from an infected individual.
When the patient is recovering from an attack of severe viral infections the symptoms are more severe. This is due to the slow resolution of the inflammatory reaction and immune system.
Home remedies for cough and cold
It has been lightly said that cold if treated lasts for a week, if untreated it lasts for seven days.
The common cold is so frequent in occurrence. It is better to use home remedies instead of most advertised cough syrups or other remedies.
a) Gingerhas anti-inflammatory properties, make a paste or use a readymade paste of ginger. Honey has an anti-bacterial property. Lick the mixture of ginger paste with honey. It will provide a soothing effect and relief from cough and cold. 2 teaspoons 2-3 times a day gives sufficient relief.
b) Salt-warm water gargle gives a soothing effect due to reducing inflammation & pain in the throat. It also removes the mucus buildup in the respiratory tract & nasal cavity. When you flush your nose with saline solution, it helps to clear out any bacteria or viruses that may be lingering and causing congestion. This can be especially helpful during cold and flu season when these types of infections are more common.
c) Steam inhalation clears up the nasal and respiratory tract.
d) Hydrate with fluid to avoid sore throat causing cough. Water is one of the best for hydration. You can also use Herbal Tea.
e) Avoid acid-creating food.
f) Increase immunity by taking Chyawanprash, an age-old Ayurvedic jam made up of more than 20 herbs and spices. Apart from increasing immunity, it’s beneficial as a blood purifier, eradicating toxic elements, and also helpful for the brain. Chyawanprash is beneficial for all age groups.
These home remedies are effective and harmless.
Treatment for cough and cold
On-the-counter medicines available don’t cure but give symptomatic relief.
The drugs used for cough and cold are:
1 Drugs for the respiratory system
Drugs affecting the respiratory system are mainly of five type
(a) Respiratory stimulants.
(b) Antispasmodic: drugs decreasing or abolishing spasms of the bronchial muscles.
(c) Expectorants: drugs which facilitate the expulsion of bronchial secretion(sputum)
(d) Cough depressants or suppressants.
(e) Antihistamines: drugs that antagonise the action of histamine by blocking the histamine receptors in the tissues.
2 Antipyretic and Analgesic
Fever and pain are common symptoms during cough and cold. The drugs used to reduce pain and fever are:
(a) Analgesic: drugs which relieve pain
(b) Antipyretic: drugs that reduce the temperature of the body.
3 Antibiotics and Antiviral
Since cough and cold are an infection. Antibiotics and antiviral agents eradicate infection. A lot of antibiotics and antiviral drugs are available in the market that are effective on cough and cold. Let your doctor decide the best for you.
4 Anti-Allergic
Cough and cold may occur due to allergic reactions. Anti-allergic drugs are useful to treat cough and cold.
So many complications in just a simple common cough and cold, hence it’s advisable to always visit your doctor instead of taking medicine over the counter.
Disclaimer
This article is just sharing knowledge. It’s not medical advice.
Knowing the symptoms and types of Glaucoma helps to detect, treat and prevent vision loss.
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to vision loss. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. While there is no cure for glaucoma, it can be controlled with treatment. That’s why early detection and treatment are so important.
Let’s learn more about this condition, its risk factors and symptoms, and what we can do to better treat and prevent it.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries information from your eyes to your brain and when it’s damaged, you can lose vision.
Types of Glaucoma
There are different types of glaucoma but the most common type are:-
Open-angle Glaucoma.
This happens when the drainage system in your eye doesn’t work properly and fluid builds up in your eye, damaging the optic nerve.
Angle-closure glaucoma.
This happens when your iris (the coloured part of your eye) blocks the drainage system in your eye, preventing fluid from draining properly. This causes a pressure build-up which damages the optic nerve.
Other Types of Glaucoma
There are other less common types of glaucoma as well, such as low-tension or normal-tension, congenital, secondary, pediatric, pigmentary, traumatic, and exfoliation syndrome–related glaucoma.
Risk Factors for Glaucoma
There are several risk factors associated with developing glaucoma:
Age (over 60 years old)
Family history
Race (African American, Hispanic/Latino descent)
Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension or other medical disorders
People who have had an injury to their eyes or certain ocular surgery may also be at increased risk for developing this condition.
Glaucoma Symptoms
The early stages of open-angle glaucoma usually don’t have any symptoms, so it often goes undetected until it has caused significant damage to one’s vision. However, there may be symptoms associated with other types, such as angle-closure glaucoma.
These symptoms can include:-
1 Pain in one or both eyes
2 Sudden onset of severe headache
3 Rainbow-coloured halos around lights
4 Vomiting and Nausea (vomiting sensation)
5 Redness in one or both eyes
6 Pressure on the eyes
7 Blurred vision
If you experience these symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention. If left untreated, they could result in permanent loss of sight within only a few days.
Early Detection And Treatment
Regular eye exams with an optometrist or ophthalmologist are crucial for detecting glaucoma early. This is especially true if you’re over the age of 60 or have any of the other risk factors mentioned above.
Living With Glaucoma
If you have received a diagnosis of glaucoma, it is of utmost importance that you adhere to your prescribed treatment plan and schedule regular appointments with your doctor.
Fortunately, there are several treatment options available for glaucoma, including eye drops, oral medications, laser surgery, and traditional surgery. By following your treatment plan and seeking regular medical care, you can effectively manage glaucoma and protect your vision.
You may also need to make some lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and eating a healthy diet. Exercising regularly and managing other medical conditions can also help control glaucoma.
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to vision loss, but it can be controlled with treatment. Early detection is key to preventing vision loss from glaucoma.
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Zumba workouts involve mixing dance styles like salsa, merengue, reggaeton, reggaeton and cumbia with fitness moves. These moves are easy to flow. The choreography is designed for people of all skill levels, with simple steps that gradually build in complexity. Moreover, you don’t need a partner. You can dance solo and follow the instructor’s lead.
Zumba classes typically alternate between high-intensity and low-intensity movements, keeping your heart rate fluctuating and burning calories effectively.
The best part is that the upbeat music and rhythmic movements make it feel more like a party than a workout. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced exerciser, you can adjust the intensity to suit your needs.
Benefits of Zumba Workout
Zumba workout is one of those workouts that deserves the “insanely good exercise” label for several benefits:
Physical Benefits:
Zumba workout makes you physically fit.
Full-body workout:
Zumba incorporates moves from various dance styles, engaging your entire body – from your core and legs to your arms and shoulders. This leads to improved overall strength, toning, and flexibility.
Cardio boost:
The fast-paced, rhythmic nature of Zumba elevates your heart rate, improving cardiovascular health and endurance. Studies show regular Zumba can lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and risk of heart disease.
Calorie burner:
Zumba classes can burn substantial calories, typically between 350-600 per session, depending on intensity and duration. This can contribute to weight management and fat loss.
Coordination and balance:
The diverse movements in Zumba challenge your coordination and balance, improving these skills and reducing the risk of falls.
Mental and Emotional Benefits:
Stress relief:
The fun and energetic atmosphere of Zumba classes can be a great stress reliever. Dancing releases endorphins, the feel-good chemicals in your brain, boosting mood and reducing anxiety.
Improved confidence:
Mastering Zumba moves and feeling the rhythm can build confidence and self-esteem. You’ll feel empowered and proud of your abilities.
Socialization:
Zumba classes offer a social environment where you can connect with others who share your love of dance and fitness. This can be especially beneficial for those seeking to combat loneliness or isolation.
Additional factors that contribute to Zumba’s popularity:
Accessibility:
Zumba classes are offered at various fitness centres, community centres, and even online, making them accessible to people of all ages and fitness levels.
Variety:
The music and choreography in Zumba classes are constantly evolving, keeping things fresh and preventing boredom.
A fun factor with Zumba workout:
Zumba is all about having fun! The lively music, energetic instructors, and sense of community make it a truly enjoyable workout experience.
So, if you’re looking for a workout that’s both effective and fun, a Zumba workout is worth trying. It’s a great way to get your heart rate up, improve your physical and mental health, and have a blast while you’re at it!
