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Protein supplements for youth to stay fit are slow poison.
Protein supplements are trending among the youth to enhance their physique and stay fit. Youth in the age group of 18 to 30 are consuming artificial protein supplements extensively as morning breakfast. The matter of concern is that about 80% of people do not even consult any healthcare expert before consuming them. Moreover, It is also easily available to people sitting at home.

After the Covid-19 pandemic, the demand for protein supplements in India is estimated to increase by about 30%. It is noteworthy that because of the side effects of long-term use 156 combination medicines are banned. The Central Government has recently banned the sale and use of these medicines on the recommendation of its expert committee.

Know the banned combination medicine s

Artificial protein supplements are food formulas to get fit quickly. People do not know that it is harmful to the major organs of the body. This has fatal effects on the kidneys, liver and joints. Know the side effects of these supplements.

How protein supplements are slow poison

Artificial protein supplements, such as whey protein, soy protein isolate, or plant-based protein powders, can be beneficial for muscle recovery and growth. However, they can also have side effects, especially when consumed in excess or by individuals with sensitivities. Due to their continuous consumption, there is a possibility of severe damage to the kidneys and liver and serious diseases like hormonal imbalance, metabolic disorder, anxiety and uric acid. Some common side effects include:

1 Digestive Issues with protein supplements:

Bloating and Gas: Artificial protein powders, particularly those containing additives or lactose (such as whey), can lead to bloating and gas.

Diarrhoea or Constipation: Some individuals may experience changes in bowel movements. Especially if they are not used to high protein intake or the fibre content in plant-based powders.

2 Kidney Strain:

Excessive protein intake can put a strain on the kidneys. Especially in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions. This could potentially lead to kidney damage over time.

3 Dehydration:

High protein intake requires more water for metabolism and excretion. Thus protein supplements increase the risk of dehydration if water intake isn’t adequately increased.

4 Allergic Reactions due to protein supplements:

Some individuals may be allergic to certain protein sources (e.g., soy, dairy). Symptoms might include hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

5 Nutrient Imbalance:

Relying heavily on protein supplements might reduce the intake of other essential nutrients found in whole foods. Thus it potentially leads to an imbalance in the diet.

6 Liver Damage (Rare):

Very high protein intake over a long period, especially without medical supervision, can lead to liver damage. Although this is more commonly seen with pre-existing liver conditions.

7 Artificial Sweeteners:

Many protein powders contain artificial sweeteners. This can cause digestive discomfort or negatively impact gut health in some individuals.

8 Heavy Metals:

Some studies have found traces of heavy metals (e.g., lead, arsenic) in certain protein powders. Consistent consumption over time could lead to harmful exposure.

9 Hormonal Imbalance due to protein supplements:

Some protein supplements, particularly soy-based ones, may contain phytoestrogens. This can potentially disrupt hormone levels in some individuals.

10 Weight Gain:

Excessive intake of protein supplements can lead to weight gain. If the additional calories are not accounted for, especially if physical activity levels remain the same.

To minimize risks, it’s important to choose natural protein food or high-quality supplements. Moreover, consult a healthcare professional before introducing protein supplements into your routine.

Things to Consider When Choosing Protein Supplements:
- Ingredients: Look for products with minimal additives, artificial sweeteners, or preservatives.
- Allergies: Be aware of any personal food sensitivities or allergies (e.g., lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity).
- Dietary Preferences: Choose a supplement that aligns with your dietary habits (e.g., vegan, keto, etc.).
- Purpose: Consider whether you need a fast-absorbing protein (whey) for post-workout or a slow-digesting one (casein) for overnight recovery.
High-quality, clean-label protein supplements with minimal additives and unnecessary fillers are generally the best for health. Always check for certifications like non-GMO, organic, or third-party testing to ensure purity and quality.

Natural protein sources

Natural protein sources are whole foods rich in protein and other essential nutrients. They are often preferred over artificial protein supplements due to their balanced nutritional content. To stay fit, natural diets like pulses, cheese, soybean, egg and non-veg are most suitable. Here are some excellent natural protein sources:

Use Animal-Based Protein Sources instead of Supplements:
1. Meat:
  - Chicken: A lean source of protein, especially in skinless chicken breast.
  - Beef: Rich in protein and iron, especially lean cuts like sirloin.
  - Pork: Another good source of protein, particularly lean cuts like tenderloin.
2. Fish and Seafood:
  - Salmon: High in protein and healthy omega-3 fatty acids.
  - Tuna: A lean source of protein with a low-fat content.
  - Shrimp and Shellfish: Low in calories but high in protein and micronutrients.
3. Eggs:
  - Whole eggs are a complete protein source, meaning they contain all nine essential amino acids.
4. Dairy Products:
  - Greek Yogurt: Higher in protein than regular yoghurt and also provides probiotics.
  - Milk: A complete protein source with both casein and whey proteins.
  - Cheese: Certain types, such as cottage cheese, are particularly high in protein.
5. Poultry: Chicken and turkey are both lean protein sources.
Use Plant-Based Protein Sources instead of supplements:
1. Legumes:
  - Lentils: Packed with protein and fibre, they are a great plant-based option.
  - Chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans): Used in dishes like hummus, they’re rich in protein and fibre.
  - Black Beans: High in protein, fibre, and several vitamins and minerals.
2. Nuts and Seeds:
  - Almonds: A good source of protein, healthy fats, and vitamin E.
  - Chia Seeds: Provide protein along with fibre and omega-3 fatty acids.
  - Pumpkin Seeds: Rich in protein, magnesium, and other essential nutrients.
3. Whole Grains:
  - Quinoa: A complete protein that also contains fibre and essential amino acids.
  - Oats: Though primarily a carbohydrate source, they contain a decent amount of protein.
  - Buckwheat: Another plant-based complete protein source.
4. Soy Products:
  - Tofu: A versatile plant-based protein source made from soybeans.
  - Tempeh: Fermented soybeans, high in protein and probiotics.
  - Edamame: Young soybeans that are a great snack or addition to meals.
5. Vegetables:
  - Broccoli: Contains protein relative to its low-calorie content, as well as fibre and vitamins.
  - Spinach: Rich in protein and iron, especially when cooked.
  - Peas: An easily accessible source of plant-based protein.
6. Grain-like Seeds:
  - Amaranth and Millet: Provide protein and a variety of nutrients.
Incorporating a variety of these natural protein sources into your diet can help you meet your protein needs while also providing a range of other essential nutrients. Instead of using artificial protein supplements.

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August 25, 2024
Rajasthan stood first in the whole country
Rajasthan stood first in the whole country in implementing the Free Medicine Scheme. Rajasthan has achieved this feat by securing maximum marks overall in the number of medicines approved in the scheme, rate contracts available, availability of medicines in various medical institutions and other parameters.

Neha Giri, Managing Director of Rajasthan Medical Services Corporation, said that this ranking has been released by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare regarding the operation of the free medicine scheme.

How Rajasthan stood first

In June 2024, Rajasthan has secured first position with 76.78 marks. Whereas Telangana stood second with 75 points. Notably, the number of medicines approved is 1828 in the free medicine scheme run in the Rajasthan state.

Neha Giri mentioned that the Government of India created the Drugs and Vaccines Distribution System Dashboard in April 2019. Through this dashboard, information about the progress of free medicine schemes operated in different states is compiled.

Furthermore, Neha Giri said that the ranking is determined based on 10 parameters. These parameters include the number of medical institutions under the scheme, stock of medicines, online supply, quality checking, expiry of medicines, and time taken for supply. Moreover, 100 marks have been allotted for these parameters. Rajasthan obtained 76.78 marks out of 100.

What is the free medicine scheme in Rajasthan?

Rajasthan is a pioneer in providing free healthcare services to its citizens. One of the most prominent initiatives is the Mukhyamantri Nishulk Dava Yojana (MNDY), which translates to the Chief Minister’s Free Medicine Scheme.

Key Features of the Scheme:
- Free Medicines: Patients visiting government hospitals in Rajasthan receive the most commonly used drugs free of cost.
- Wide Coverage: Furthermore, the scheme covers a vast range of medicines, including essential and life-saving drugs.
- Improved Accessibility: Drug distribution counters (DDCs) have been established in hospitals to ensure easy access to medicines.
- Quality Assurance: Above all the government maintains strict quality control measures to ensure the efficacy of the provided medicines.
Benefits of the Scheme:
- Reduced Financial Burden: Patients, especially from economically weaker sections, are relieved of the financial burden of buying medicines.
- Improved Health Outcomes: Moreover, timely access to medicines can lead to better health outcomes and reduced complications.
- Increased Utilization of Government Healthcare: Above all the scheme encourages people to seek treatment in government hospitals, leading to better healthcare utilization.
In essence, the free medicine scheme in Rajasthan is a significant step towards providing affordable and accessible healthcare to its citizens.
July 27, 2024
Norovirus Outbreak in the US
Norovirus is spreading in the northeastern US according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). To keep yourself healthy and fit and updated about the recent outbreak I hope this post will be helpful to you.

What is Norovirus

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, often called the stomach flu. It is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting people of all ages. It spreads primarily through contaminated food, water, surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals.

Here are some key points about Norovirus:

Symptoms of Norovirus attack:

Norovirus infection typically leads to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and occasionally fever. These symptoms usually develop within 12 to 48 hours after exposure to the virus and can last for 1 to 3 days.

Contagiousness:

Norovirus is highly contagious. It can spread easily in schools, daycare centres, nursing homes, cruise ships, and restaurants. People infected can shed the virus in their stool and vomit for several days, even after their symptoms have resolved.

Prevention from Norovirus:

The best way to prevent Norovirus infection is through good hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. Disinfecting surfaces and avoiding contact with infected individuals can also help prevent the spread of the virus.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for this infection. The illness is usually self-limiting and resolves on its own within a few days. It’s important to stay hydrated and rest while experiencing symptoms. In severe cases, especially in young children, older people, or immunocompromised individuals, medical attention may be necessary to prevent dehydration.

Related Post: Digestive Enzymes That Affect Your Di gestion

Norovirus Outbreak in the US

As for Norovirus outbreaks in the US, they are not uncommon and can occur throughout the year, although they are more common during the winter months. Outbreaks can occur in various settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, restaurants, and cruise ships. When an outbreak occurs, public health officials work to identify the source of the contamination and implement measures to control the spread of the virus, such as cleaning and disinfecting affected areas, isolating infected individuals, and providing education on proper hygiene practices.

It’s worth noting that while Norovirus outbreaks can cause significant disruption and discomfort, they are usually not life-threatening for healthy individuals and resolve without complications. However, they can pose serious risks for vulnerable populations, such as older people and immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the importance of preventive measures and prompt intervention during outbreaks.

Recent Norovirus outbreak in the US

Here’s some recent news about the Norovirus outbreak in the US:

Increased Cases:
- Northeastern US: The CDC reports a significant rise in the cases in the Northeast region, with a three-week average of positive tests reaching 13.9% in recent weeks. This is higher than the usual range for this time of year.
- National: While the Northeast is seeing the biggest increase, the CDC reports 759 Norovirus outbreaks nationally between August 1st, 2023, and February 12th, 2024, which is within the expected range for the season.
Other Recent Developments:
- Chipotle Closure: A Chipotle restaurant in Virginia was temporarily closed after reports of Norovirus symptoms among customers.
- GOP Convention Investigation: Health officials are investigating potential cases among attendees of a recent Republican convention.
- Oyster Recall: The FDA recalled raw oysters from Galveston Bay, Texas, due to potential contamination. The oysters were distributed to several states, and 211 illnesses were linked to this outbreak as of December 15th, 2022.
Overall:
- While Norovirus cases are increasing, it’s important to remember that this is a common seasonal illness. The current level of outbreaks is within the expected range for this time of year, although the Northeast is experiencing a higher-than-usual number of cases.
- If you’re concerned about this, you can take steps to prevent infection by practising good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and disinfecting surfaces.
February 24, 2024
Digestive Enzymes that Affect Your Digestion.
Digestive enzymes are responsible for the proper functioning of your digestive system. The digestive system is a complex and vital part of our body, and its proper functioning relies heavily on a team of hardworking digestive enzymes. These tiny protein molecules act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reactions that break down food into its basic components, allowing us to absorb essential nutrients.

If you are suffering from digestive problems then this information about the digestive enzymes will be helpful for you.

Let’s first understand

What are Enzymes

The functions of living organisms depend on chemical reactions. For example, the conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy proceeds through a series of chemical reactions each of which requires biological catalysts for the reaction to occur.

Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts.

How do enzymes work?

Without these enzymes conditions for the reaction would be required which would be incompatible with the life of the cell. Thus, enzymes play a vital role in the function of the normal cell.

Since most chemical reactions in the body require the action of enzymes, these biological catalysts often serve as the focal point for regulating body functions. Increased enzyme activity accelerates the production of a given product that may be essential for a particular function.

Enzymes work to divide big molecules into small molecules that the body can easily absorb. Some enzymes work to bind small molecules to create a new molecule.

Types of Digestive Enzymes

According to the function of an enzyme, there are three main types of enzymes.

a) Carbohydrate Digesting enzymes:

These enzymes digest carbohydrates into the simplest sugar form that the body can absorb. Imagine carbohydrates as intricate chains made of sugar molecules linked together. Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, act like molecular scissors, snipping those chains into smaller pieces. Carbohydrate digestive enzymes are mainly Amylase, Maltase, Lactase and Sucrase.

b) Protein Digesting Enzymes:

These enzymes help to digest protein.

Proteases: Also known as peptidases, proteolytic enzymes, or proteinases, are digestive enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids. These enzymes, like trypsin and chymotrypsin, are produced by the pancreas and chop proteins into smaller peptides and eventually amino acids, the building blocks of protein in our body.

Pepsin: This enzyme is found in the stomach and helps break down proteins in acidic conditions.

c) Fat Digesting Enzymes

Fat-reducing enzymes are fat-digesting enzymes.

Lipase: This pancreatic enzyme is the fat-fighter, breaking down triglycerides (the main form of fat in food) into glycerol and fatty acids, which can then be absorbed.

Although, the Commission of Enzymes of the International Union of Biochemistry established a complete but rather complex system of classification and nomenclature.

According to the plex system of classification, enzymes are divided into six general groups:
- 1 Oxidoreductase: Catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions.
- 2 Transferases: Catalyzing transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another.
- 3 Hydrolases: Catalyzing hydrolytic reactions.
- 4 Lyases: Catalyzing the addition of groups to double bonds or vice versa.
- 5 Isomerases: Catalyzing intermolecular rearrangements.
- 6 Ligases ( also known as syntheses): Catalyzing the condensation of two molecules coupled with the cleavage of a pyrophosphate bond of ATP or similar triphosphate.
Although there are thousands of enzymes in the human body involved in growth, blood coagulation, healing, diseases, breathing, reproduction and many other biological activities, the most significant impact on human nutritional intake is digestive enzymes.

The lack of sufficient active digestive enzymes prevents food nutrients from being fully absorbed and affects the efficiency of muscle synthesis in the body.

Nutrients will be absorbed by intestinal cells through different digestive tract enzymes and then transported to various tissues and organs of the body.

Main Digestive Enzymes

Generally speaking, the main digestive enzymes in the human body are as follows:

Amylase

The digestive enzyme that digests and decomposes carbohydrates is amylase, this enzyme is secreted from the pancreas to help the digestion and absorption of starch foods.

Amylase can be divided into alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, pullulanase, glucoamylase, etc., through these enzymes, starch can be completely decomposed.

In addition, the human body belongs to monogastric animals. Like other monogastric animals, the decomposition of starch is mainly done by endogenous α-amylase.

Protease

The function of protein digestive enzymes is to decompose and digest the protein ingested by people. When we eat, the stomach will begin to secrete strong protein digestive enzymes, preparing for the digestion process.

In the absence of such enzymes, no amount of protein intake will have any effect. Hence some protein nutritional supplements are on the market, such as whey protein and add some digestive enzymes in advance.

Proteases can be mainly classified into metal carboxypeptidases, serine endoproteases, cysteine proteases, carboxyl endoproteases, Metallo endoproteases, etc. Each protease will only act on a specific peptide bond due to different amino acid residues. For example, trypsin can only hydrolyze the bonds of amino acid or arginine residues. It means that the lack of any protein enzyme will lead to obstacles to nutritional intake.

Lipase

Lipase, also known as pancreatic lipase or lipolytic enzyme, is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of fat. The enzymes that can break down fat in the human body are lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase.

The digestion of fat is mainly decomposed by the action of pancreatic fat.

Pancreatic fat is mainly secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum. During the digestion process, the fat is broken down into glycerol and fatty acid and then absorbed into the body by diffusion.

Lactase

Since we must constantly consume dairy-derived proteins, such as whey protein, casein, etc., these protein products usually contain unremoved lactose. Therefore, for those who are lactose intolerant, drinking these protein products can easily cause diarrhoea or indigestion. That is why the body lacks lactase digestive enzymes.

In our intestines, the digestion of lactose mainly depends on the lactase. At the top of the small intestine, villi break down lactose into the most basic monosaccharides, which are further absorbed.

When lactase is insufficient, undecomposed lactose becomes food for bacteria in the intestine. When these bacteria digest lactose, they produce gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, water, and short-chain fatty acids. These large amounts of extra gas, water, and acid can cause vomiting, farting, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and sour watery stools.

Cellulase

The function of cellulase is to decompose fibre, but before discussing fibre enzymes, one must first understand the importance of dietary fibre. The daily intake of fibre can be divided into two categories: water-soluble and water-insoluble.

The water-soluble dietary fibre includes hemicellulose, pectin, and algae gum, such as vegetables, fruits, cereals, and beans. Insoluble dietary fibres include cellulosic, woody, gum, viscose, etc. For example, beans, vegetables, fruits, and rhizome foods contain insoluble dietary fibres.

We often consume high levels of protein, which can lead to an accumulation of toxins in the body and put a strain on our digestive system. Dietary fibre absorbs water in the digestive tract and absorbs other residues, indigestible wastes, food additives, toxins, carcinogens, harmful substances, etc. It can stimulate the peristalsis of the intestine and expel these unhelpful wastes from the body.

These are just some of the many digestive enzymes that work tirelessly behind the scenes to ensure our bodies get the nutrients they need. Understanding their roles can help us appreciate the intricate workings of our digestive system. Moreover, this information gives choices about our diet and overall health.

Uses of Enzymes

As I said most chemical reactions in the body require the action of enzymes, the actions of a considerable number of drugs representing a wide variety of pharmacologic agents depend on enzyme-drug interaction. Indeed, the pharmacologic action of many drugs currently being prescribed by the physician.

Since enzymes are so intricately involved in the regulation of function, it is logical to suppose that drugs may increase or decrease function by stimulating or depressing enzyme activity, respectively.
Most of the enzymes currently available in the market are hydrolases.

These enzyme preparations are of limited use in the following conditions:
- 1 Debridement: Aids in resolving and removing blood clots or fibrinous or purulent accumulations.
- 2 Replacement therapy to correct certain gastrointestinal deficiencies, consult your physician to choose the right enzyme for your digestive problem.
- 3 Locally in certain inflammatory conditions after either a topical application or hypodermic injection.
Enzymes are also been used in the food, agriculture and cosmetic industries along with the pharmaceutical industry. Enzymes are mainly used in making cheese, brewing beer, baking bread, extracting fruit juices and much more.

Suggestion

It’s important to remember that everyone’s digestive system is unique. Enzyme production can vary depending on individual factors like genetics and health conditions. If you’re experiencing persistent digestive issues, consult a healthcare professional. They can help identify enzyme deficiencies and suggest appropriate supplements or dietary changes.

I hope this brief information about enzymes may be helpful to you. Please don’t hesitate to share with others for their help.
December 26, 2023
Top Stories of the Day
The top stories of the day in India on December 24, 2023, include:

Political News:
- Congress reshuffle: Priyanka Gandhi Vadra has been relieved of her charge as the party general secretary in charge of Uttar Pradesh. Avinash Pande will take over as the new General Secretary for Uttar Pradesh. Sachin Pilot has been given a key role in the party, but the details are still not clear.
- Putin signals openness to the ceasefire: Russian President Vladimir Putin has reportedly signalled that he is open to a ceasefire in Ukraine. However, there are no concrete details about the terms of any potential agreement.
- No order issued yet to lift hijab ban: Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah has clarified that no order has been issued yet to lift the ban on wearing hijabs in educational institutions.
National Security
- Drone attack on ship: A suspected drone attack has hit a merchant ship carrying 21 Indians off the coast of Gujarat. The Navy and Coast Guard have rushed to assist the ship.
- Jammu and Kashmir: Three civilians were killed in an encounter between security forces and terrorists near Poonch. Mobile internet has been suspended in Poonch and Rajouri following the incident.
Health:
- COVID-19: India has reported 640 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, taking the active caseload to 2,997. One death was also reported. However, Niti Aayog member VK Paul has advised people not to panic as the symptoms are mild.
- AIIMS opens post-mortem facility: The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in Delhi has opened a new post-mortem facility. Hence, it will bring relief to relatives of deceased patients.
Other news:
- Air quality worsens: The air quality in Delhi and other parts of North India has worsened due to fog. This has led to the cancellation of some flights.
- Another big layoff at Google? There are rumours that Google is planning another round of layoffs. However, the company has not confirmed this.
- US Engine Maker Faces Penalty: Cummins Inc., a US engine maker, is facing the largest Clean Air Act penalty ever issued for allegedly cheating on emissions tests.
- Salaar box office collection: The Prabhas-starrer Salaar has collected over ₹148 crore in India on its second day of release.
- Mike Williams Dies: Former Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide receiver Mike Williams has died at the age of 36 from dental-related sepsis.
- Air India’s first Airbus A350 aircraft arrives: Air India’s first Airbus A350 aircraft has arrived in India. Moreover, it will enter commercial service in January 2024.
These are just some of the top stories of the day. For more information, you can check out the Information Site or other news websites. Subsc ribe to our newsletter for top stories directly in your email box.
December 24, 2023
Nervous System: Function, Problems and Solution
The nervous system is concerned with the integration and control of all body functions.

In my previous page regarding Systems of the H uman Body, I promised you, to provide detailed information on all major systems. Certainly, this page is to keep my promise.

The human body is a complex nerve-muscle machine. It is more intricate and works more efficiently than any machine invented by men till now. All functions, including moment, both voluntary or involuntary, and secretion, are under the control of a complicated “telephone” system (the nervous system), complete with exchange, transmitting and receiving lines. These are connected to a complex supercomputer, the brain.

Sub-divisions of the nervous system

Although for descriptive purposes, the nervous system may be subdivided into two parts. It functions as a coordinated whole.

The nervous system has two major parts

a) Central Nervous System(CNS):

The brain and spinal cord are the main organs of the Central Nervous system. Moreover, it is the control centre of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing information from the senses, generating thoughts and emotions, and controlling movement and other bodily functions.

The CNS is a complex and fascinating system essential for human life. Moreover, it is responsible for everything we think, feel, and do.

i) Brain

The brain is the largest and most complex organ in the human body. Further, it is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right brain, connected by a bundle of nerves called the corpus callosum.

Functions of brain

The brain is responsible for a wide range of functions, including:
- Thought and consciousness: The brain is responsible for our ability to think, reason, and be aware of ourselves and our surroundings.
- Sensory processing: The brain receives information from the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. It processes this information and creates a perception of the world around us.
- Movement: The brain controls our ability to move our muscles. It sends signals to the spinal cord, which then sends signals to the muscles to contract or relax.
- Emotions: The brain is responsible for our ability to feel emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.
- Language: The brain is responsible for our ability to understand and produce language.
The brain is that part of the CNS which lies within the cavity of the skull. It consists of the following parts;
- 1 The cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
- 2 The mid-brain
- 3 The Pons
- 4 The medulla oblongata
- 5 The cerebellum
The brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone (skull and vertebral column) and also by three coverings that are called meninges. These meninges are the dura mater(outer layer), arachnoid mater(middle layer) and pia mater(inner layer).

Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is a sub-arachnoid space that contains a fluid. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and has several important functions. The dura mater is a tough fibrous membrane that lines the skull. It also encloses the spinal cord in a membranous tube within the neural canal.

Related Page: Complete information about Mental Dis eases and Disorders

ii) The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. It is situated within the vertebral column. Moreover, in the adult, it is 43 cm long and ends at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the first cord and correspond to the segments of the vertebral column.

Functions of the spinal cord

The spinal cord has two functions. Since it consists mainly of nerve fibres its most important role is to transmit the information to the brain from the periphery or vice-versa.

In addition, the spinal cord provides an important defence mechanism that enables emergency action. This action is taken without direct references to the brain. That is why it is called spinal reflex.

b) Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a vast network of nerves that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It is responsible for carrying information between the brain and spinal cord and the muscles, organs, and sensory receptors throughout the body.

The PNS is essential for the body to function properly. It allows us to move our bodies, feel the world around us, and maintain our internal environment.

Below are some of the details of PNS.
- The PNS consists of nerves, which are bundles of nerve fibres.
- Nerves are classified as either sensory nerves, motor nerves, or mixed nerves.
- Sensory nerves carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
- Motor nerves carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles.
- Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor information.
- The PNS also contains ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve branches are in the entire body from the spinal cord to all body parts. The function of the nerves is called a Peripheral Nervous System. It includes
- Peripheral nerves
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- Neuromuscular junctions.
Major components of the nervous system

There is no function of the body, which is not connected to the nervous system.

1 Neuron

The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. They receive sensory input, send motor commands to muscles, and relay electrical signals.

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the Neuron i.e. nerve cell.

A single unit of neurons has a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.

Dendrites of the neuron(the receptors of nerve impulses) are branches in structure.

One of the dendrites is elongated and is called AXON which imparts the nerve impulses to the dendron of the other neuron cell.

A collection of these many neurons forms the nervous tissue unit, which again unites to form a nerve.

The substance which is released from the nerve endings is called neurotransmitters.

These neurons have a protection layer called MYELIN SHEATH. Fatty Acids and proteins are required for the synthesis of this myelin sheath.

2 Autonomic nervous system

This system is responsible for involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. It is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
- The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which is a physiological reaction to stress. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and it diverts blood flow away from the digestive system and towards the muscles.
- The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest-and-digest” response. It decreases heart rate and blood pressure, and it slows respiration and digestion.
3 Somatic nervous system

This is responsible for voluntary movement. It carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, telling them to contract or relax. The somatic nervous system is also responsible for the sensation, such as touch, pain, temperature, and pressure.

The voluntary component of the peripheral nervous system. It allows us to feel the sensation from the skin and perform voluntary body movements.

Reasons for problems

The main source of energy for the brain and nervous system is glucose. That is obtained from carbohydrates.

When there lack of nutrition, start impaired functioning of the nervous system and neuromuscular structures resulting in
- Mental confusion
- Diminished brain functioning
- Sensory loss
- Loss of muscular coordination
- Muscular apathy etc
Diseases caused by the lack of nutrition are
- Parkinson’s disease affects movement, often including tremors.
- Alzheimer’s disease affects brain function, memory and behaviour.
- Bell’s palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, mainly on one side.
- Epilepsy is a neurological disorder when the brain activities are abnormally causing seizures or periods of unusual activities
Primarily Neuritises are because of metabolic derangement and are mainly confined to carbohydrate metabolism. But, metabolism being a complex chemical process, disturbance in one factor leads to disturbances of the other factors.
Carbohydrates, Protein and fats are not utilized by the body as such. Moreover, Carbohydrate is hydrolyzed into glucose. Proteins into Amino AcidsFats into fatty acids.

Metabolism is the conversion, hydrolyzation and finally utilization of energy, synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and their utilization for tissue building and tissue repairs.

For these chemical intermediary changes, certain enzymes and co-enzymes are essential.

A Body normally produces enzymes and coenzymes. And food helps to produce co-enzymes. Moreover, the lack of these co-enzymes deranges those metabolic processes resulting in the problem of the nervous system.

Sometimes, because of poison, drug toxicity and certain other factors lead to the depletion of these co-enzymes also resulting above changes.

How to avoid nervous system problems.
- Exercise daily which increases blood flow and natural painkillers called endorphins produced by the central nervous system give relief from stress and pain
- Take a balanced diet including vitamins B1, B6, B12, proteins, soya bean provides the best protein, vitamins & minerals
- Take green leafy vegetables enriched in vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin E and magnesium essential for the nervous system
- Take plenty of water
- Do enough rest/sleep
- Check up diabetes, and blood pressure which may cause neuro disorders
- Don’t use tobacco products, quit smoking
- Consult your Doctor
SUM UP

Enjoy a healthy life by enjoying life. Don’t be shy about laughing loudly, it’s the best medicine. Enjoy music, dance and sex (it’s also an exercise)

REMAIN HEALTHY
December 1, 2023
Systems of the Human Body

Systems of the human body efficiently control all the functions of organs arranged in a system of the human body.

The human body is made up of complex systems that work together to ensure the efficient functioning of various organs. These systems are responsible for controlling and regulating a wide range of bodily functions.

Each system is a group of organs that perform specific functions and work in harmony with other systems. Thus maintain the overall health and well-being of the body. The intricate interplay between these systems is what enables the human body to carry out its various tasks. They are also intricate and adapt to changing conditions.

Overall these systems are supremely organised and can maintain normal function even under the most adverse conditions. For example, body temperature remains constant even though swimming in cold water and immediately afterwards lie in hot sunshine.

Major systems of the human body

On this page, I will provide brief information on the major systems of the human body. I’m going to share detailed information on each system in my next pages. Hence keep on visiting the health category of the Information Site. You can also su bscribe to receive the published posts on your email address.

The major systems of the human body are as follows:

1 Nervous System

It governs the activities of the various organs. Through this system, the individual is made aware of the environment and enabled to make responses accordingly.

The nervous system is divided into two major parts

Central nervous system: It governs activities of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system: It governs the activities of nerves spread in the entire human body. Nerves are in branches from the spinal cord to every part of the body.

2 Circulatory System

It circulates and transports food, oxygen and water from one part to another. Four major organs of the circulatory system are the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The major components of the circulatory system are blood and plasma.

3 Respiratory System

This system performs the process of taking oxygen into the body and removing excess carbon dioxide.

The major organs of the respiratory system are the nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea and lungs.

Respiratory System Function

Know the way the respiratory system works

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4 Musculoskeletal System

It provides a moveable framework. It is to support and protect the softer tissues. This system enables the movement of the limbs and the body from place to place.

The major organs of the musculoskeletal system are muscles, bones and joints. Along with this cartilage, tendons, ligaments and connective tissues are also major parts of the musculoskeletal system.

5 Digestive System

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated glands and organs. The major organs of the digestive system are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

The purpose of the digestive system is to digest food by breaking it down into simple useful nutrients. These simple nutrients are carbohydrates, fats and protein. When the nutrients are absorbed into the blood they provide energy. It is also useful for the growth of the human body and the repairing of the organs. These nutrients are essential for the human body.

6 Urinary System

The urinary system deals with the excretion of water-soluble waste products. This system also maintains water and electrolyte balance.

The major organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

The function of the kidneys is to filter blood and remove waste products. Ureters are the two ducts that pass waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Stored urine in the urinary bladder is excreted through the urethra.

7 Endocrine System

It comprises the ductless glands that elaborate complex chemical substances i.e. hormones. These hormones pass directly into the bloodstream. Many different processes are been affected by these hormones.

Some of the processes that are affected by these hormones are:

a) Growth and development

b) Metabolism

c) Food metabolism

d) Controlling thirst and hunger

e) Maintaining body temperature

f) Regulating mood and cognitive functions

g) Initiating and maintaining sexual development and reproduction

h) Influencing the way the body uses and stores energy

I) Controlling the volume of fluid and the levels of salts and sugar (glucose) in the blood

j) Blood sugar and blood pressure

k) Sleep cycles and sleep quality

8 Reproductive System

The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for procreation. Males and females produce spermatozoa and ova respectively. The female body implants the fertilized ova to nurture the embryo until it can survive independently.

The major organs of the female reproductive system are vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovary.

Penis, testicles, ejaculatory ducts, vas deferens and urethra are the major organs of the male reproductive system.

November 16, 2023
How does the respiratory system work

The respiratory system is the vital system of the human body to remain alive. On this page, you will come to know how the respiratory system works.

The human body contains 100 trillion cells or units of life. Each living cell is a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus and it needs oxygen for its metabolic activities and to rid itself of carbon dioxide, by the process called respiration.

The human being is an air-breathing creature and takes oxygen from the atmosphere and exchanges it for carbon dioxide in the blood through the organization of the respiratory system.

The function of the distribution of food and oxygen is carried out by the cardiovascular system. Thus the respiratory system and circulatory system have closely integrated activities.

The blood receives food oxygen from the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems respectively and thus enriched it is circulated throughout the body by the cardio-vascular system ensuring adequate supply to all the body cells.

The respiratory system is divided for descriptive purposes into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the dividing line being the lower border of the Adam’s apple in the neck.

The upper respiratory system

The pyramid-shaped nose extends beyond into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.

The mucus membrane is lined by ciliated epithelium and has a rich vascular supply. The inspired air is warmed by vascularity. Further, Cilia, aided by sticky mucus, trap foreign particles and propel them towards the pharynx. Cilia trap and remove particles and bacteria, moving them to the pharynx. Thus Cilia in the respiratory epithelium prevent infections. Every 20 minutes the nose produces a clean new mucus blanket.

The narrow openings that communicate the nasal sinuses with the nasal cavities are frequently involved in nasal and nasopharyngeal infections. Thus inflamed sinus openings hinder drainage, resulting in slow and incomplete infection resolution.

The larynx produces voice and blocks large particles from entering the lower respiratory tract.

The larynx does it using the cough reflex. Cough can be a voluntary or reflexive response to irritation, mediated by the medulla. Further forceful exhalation with closed glottis followed by explosive air release along with sputum or irritating matter.

Related Page

Read about the causes and treatment of cough and cold.

Read Here

The lower respiratory tract

The trachea runs from the larynx to the lungs’ main lobes, where it branches into three lobes on the right and two on the left. Further, the bronchial tree divides into smaller and smaller tubes, ending in the terminal bronchioles. Each respiratory bronchiole communicates with a cluster of alveoli.

Alveoli are small sacs that are in direct contact with lung capillaries. Respiratory gases exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. Finally, blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body via the cardiovascular system.

Summary

Oxygen is the need of body cells life. The respiratory system from the nose to the alveolus is the body’s window for oxygen. Microorganisms in the atmosphere can enter the body through the respiratory system. Hence, wear a nose and mouth mask to protect from exposure during the pandemic.

Although the cilia, mucus and our immune system trap these and protect the body against some of the infections.

November 15, 2023
Classification of Diseases

Classification of diseases helps us to diagnose the diseases at the earliest and take proper treatment by consulting your doctor.

Diseases are always attacking human beings as recently attacked by #covid19.

The major ammunition against any disease is the knowledge of the disease and precautionary measures to avoid disease.

On this page, I will just classify the diseases to understand your problem well.

A) Classification of diseases according to age/sex/environments

Paediatric diseases:

Diseases that are related to children or mainly occur in children below 15 years of age, it is further specified as neonatal diseases if it occurs in newborn babies.

Geriatric Diseases:

Diseases that are more common in older adults over 65 years old, and sometimes even up to 80 years, are classified as geriatric diseases.

Gynaecological Disorders:

Disorders in a female reproductive system are considered as gynaecological problems.

Tropical Diseases:

For any diseases that mainly occur in the tropical or subtropical areas of the world ( areas near the equator), the climate is normally warm to hot or moist year-round.

Occupational Diseases:

A disease or a disorder caused by the work or working conditions at the workplace for example airway disease, or respiratory disease such as Asthma.

B) Classification of diseases according to systems/organs

Cardiovascular Diseases:

As the name indicate the disease related to the heart and blood vessels such as heart disease, heart attack, stroke, heart failure, heart valve problems due to high blood pressure, anxiety, high cholesterol, more smoking, irregular diet, unhealthy diets, junk food, fast foods, lack of exercise such as yoga…

Gastrointestinal Diseases:

Diseases related to the digestive system such as diarrhoea and dysentery mainly caused due to infections caused by viruses or bacteria. Diseases caused due to overeating, eating junk food or fasting such as acidity. Ulceration, digestive problems and a few other diseases caused in the gastrointestinal tract are considered gastrointestinal diseases.

Musculoskeletal Disorders:

The musculoskeletal system of your body consists of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, cartilage, spinal discs, ligaments and soft tissues.

Injuries or diseases that occur in this system due to accidents, old age, exercises, wrong posture and work culture are said to be musculoskeletal disorders.

Pain and inflammation in a particular area of your body are the symptoms you may notice due to stiffness, strain, spasms, sprains, fractures and dislocation…

Low back pain, numbness tingling in hands and arms (carpal tunnel syndrome), Inflammation in a tendon (Tendonitis) due to exercise, joint pain in age-old, tension neck syndrome are some of the common musculoskeletal disorders.

Hepatic Diseases:

The disease that occurs due to the disturbance of liver function is called hepatic disease.

An active liver is responsible for many critical functions of your body and it continues doing it responsibly by repairing itself if it is damaged due to unhealthy eating, excessive drugs, alcohol, intake of toxic products…

Liver cancer, Liver failure, the disease caused by a viral infection like Hepatitis A, B and C, or due to genetic reasons are some of the hepatic diseases.

Vomiting, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss are some of the symptoms you may notice. Although a damaged liver can continue working for 9-12 years without showing you any symptoms take care of your liver.

Renal Diseases:

A disease associated with a Kidney is called Renal disease.

Symptoms of renal disease are tiredness, lack of sleep, frequent urination, blood in urine, dry or itchy skin, swelling of ankles and feet, puffiness around eyes…

Urinary tract infection, kidney stones and gradual loss of kidney function (chronic kidney disease or CKD) are some renal diseases.

Use of a lot of water, healthy eating and healthy living will take care of your kidneys.

C) Classification of diseases according to cause

Communicable diseases:

Mainly infectious or transmissible diseases come under this category. Such as Corona, AIDS, Flu, Hepatitis…

Prevention is better than cure idioms and fits very well in these types of diseases.

Nutritional Deficiency Diseases:

It’s caused by malnutrition and unhealthy eating habits hence take a healthy diet to keep away from this disease.

Allergic Disorders:

Almost everything can trigger an allergic reaction. Mainly it is dust, pollen, insect stings, certain food and latex…

The immune system of your body reacts to certain things that are not suitable for your body and show you in the form of itching, rashes on the skin, redness…

Rhinitis is a common allergic disorder.

Hereditary Diseases:

The disease that an offspring receives from his/her parents or grandparents due to the genes in DNA is hereditary.

Anaemia is a common single-gene disorder, missing or changed chromosomes cause chromosomal disorder and mutation of two or more genes causes the complex disorder.

Diseases caused by Accidents/ Trauma:

Physical or mental unexpected incidents may cause damage to the body or brain. The diseases associated with these types of conditions come in this category.

Iatrogenic diseases:

This disease is the aftereffect of a medical or surgical procedure or due to the intake of the drugs prescribed by a physician.

If you take some medicine without consulting a doctor and get a side effect then it is not counted as an Iatrogenic disease.

The best example of this disease is hair loss after chemotherapy.

Nosocomial diseases:

Hospital-acquired diseases or diseases that occur during healthcare treatment come under this category.

D) Classification of diseases according to symptoms

Acute diseases:

Suddenly you notice certain symptoms and the disease remains for a short duration like fever, cough, strep throat and appendicitis, which fall under the category of acute diseases.

Although acute diseases may be severe to moderate.

Many times you don’t need hospitalization and can be treated by taking treatment for a shorter period.

Acute myocardial infarction or pneumonia requires medical attention and extended treatment.

Chronic Diseases:

The diseases that last for more than a year or life long are chronic. It may lead to restricted mobility, diet and functioning of the body.

Heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease are a few chronic diseases.

Precautions, maintaining healthy habits and regular treatment by periodically consulting a physician can improve the quality of life.

My father maintained it for four decades despite diabetes and heart blockage.

Degenerative Diseases:

The process by which tissues or cells of the central nervous system lose their functional ability due to age-related, injuries or damage is called the degenerative process and the diseases that occur due to the degenerative process are called degenerative diseases.

Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are a few examples of degenerative diseases. Memory loss is also due to the degenerative process.

Psychosomatic diseases:

Physical diseases due to mental health, frustration, and depression are psychosomatic diseases.

Mental Diseases and Disorders

Know complete information about mental health.

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Pseudo-diseases:

When the patient complains about some or another disease or pretends to be ill is called pseudo disease.

It may be due to some mental disorder hence medical attention is needed to verify that it’s a mental disorder or simply malingering.

SUM UP

To diagnose a patient or yourself you must know the classification of diseases. This will help you in finding your disease. You can take appropriate steps at the earliest.

This classification of diseases is only for your knowledge about you or a patient’s disease and without investigating a patient exact diagnosis should not be made.

Health

Take care of your health.

Know Here

November 2, 2023
Cough and Cold: Causes and Treatment

Cough and cold a common ailments in almost everyone’s lifetime, which shake our body and make us uncomfortable. I hope you would like to know the causes and treatment.

Before proceeding to know the causes and treatment you should know in brief about the Respiratory system, Inflammation reaction, and Defence system. This will help you in finding the exact cause and the right treatment.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system organises the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide providing oxygen to the blood.

The human body contains 100 trillion cells or units of life. Each living cell is a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus. Every cell needs oxygen for its metabolic activities and to rid itself of carbon dioxide, through the process called respiration.

The function of the distribution of food and oxygen is carried by the cardiovascular system.

The respiratory system and circulatory system have closely integrated activities. The blood receives oxygen from the respiratory system and food from the gastrointestinal system and circulates it throughout the body by the cardiovascular system ensuring adequate supply to the body cells.

The respiratory system is divided for descriptive purposes into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the dividing line being Adam’s apple in the neck.

The upper respiratory tract

The pyramid-shaped nose extends beyond into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The mucous membrane is lined by ciliated epithelium and has a rich vascular supply. The inspired air is warmed by vascularity and cilia covered in sticky mucus trap foreign particles and bacteria, moving them towards the pharynx.

The whole respiratory epithelium down to the terminal bronchioles is equipped with cilia which play an important role in the prevention of respiratory infection.

Every 20 minutes the nose produces a clean new mucus blanket.

The nasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities by narrowing the openings & are frequently involved in nasal and nasopharyngeal infections.

Adequate drainage of infected sinuses is prevented by inflammatory swelling of the mucosa lining their narrow openings and as a result, resolution of sinus infection is often slow and sometimes incomplete.

The larynx in addition to being the organ of voice production has also the function of preventing larger particles from reaching the lower respiratory tract. This is done by means of the cough reflex.

The cough may be either a voluntary act or a reflex response to the irritation of the respiratory mucosa meditated through a centre in the medulla. It consists of a forceful expiratory effort with the glottis closed, followed by the sudden explosive release of the pent-up air along with sputum or other irritant matter.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract consists of the Trachea, Bronchi and lungs.

The trachea begins at the lower end of the larynx and ends in the neck by bifurcation into the two main bronchi. These enter the main sub-divisions of the lungs called lobes, three on the right & two on the left.

The exchange of respiratory gases takes place in the lungs between the air in the alveoli & the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Related Page

Know how the respiratory system works

Read Here

THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION

Inflammation in the early stages was considered a disease associated with the “sign of Celsus”, rubor(redness), tumour (swelling), calor( heat), and dolour(pain).

The clinical syndrome was named by applying the suffix “itis” to the organ involved eg. Rhinitis, Nasopharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis and Bronchitis were the inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs.

Further by the advancement of pathology, improvement in the designs of microscopes resulted in that “inflammation is the process by which the cells and exudate accumulate in irritated tissues and usually tend to protect them from further injury”.

The cause of inflammation was primary irritants such as many poisonous chemical substances or toxins of pathogenic bacteria.

VIRUSES

Of all the body enemies, the simplest & most devious are the viruses, strictly speaking, a virus is not even alive, it is a protein-coated bundle of genes containing instructions for making copies of itself( replication).

When a virus slips inside one of our cells, it issues instructions causing the cell to produce hundreds of new identical viruses within the course of a day.

Eventually, they rupture the cell, killing it. Then they fan out to invade nearby cells. Initially, the odds are on the side of the invader.

THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

There are one trillion cells in the body’s immune system to defend it from microbial invasion. these multiply in the bone marrow and form three distinct regiments- the phagocytes and two kinds of lymphocytes, the T cells and B cells. Each has its own defence strategies.

As a result, the redness is explained by dilated blood vessels, the swelling by the collection of exudate(pus-like) and the pain by resulting compression of peripherals nerves.

The white blood cells come to lie against the walls of the blood vessels and by diapedesis come into tissue spaces, to devour any invading micro-organisms.

Phagocytes

In the case of a cell bursting open by multiplying cold virus, the patrolling phagocytes fall upon the remnants and gobble up the wreckage, consuming some of the viruses in the process.

The phagocytes can not destroy the viruses quickly and prevent them from infecting healthy cells.

Macrophage

Next, a special kind of phagocyte called a macrophage arrives and engulfs the cold viruses. It bites off a special part of the virus, the antigen as a marker to supply the required intelligence about the specific nature of the invaders.

This plays a critical role in the immune system since it alerts highly specialised T cells circulating through the body. They recognize the virus by shape. The antigens on the virus fit exactly into the T cell receptor.

T Cells

The T cells are produced in the thymus, a pale-grey gland behind the sternum, by the tens of millions. The T cells are known as helper Ts.

It first detects antigens that are instrumental in sending urgent chemical signals for producing killer T cells trained to recognize the specific enemy.

Soon an enormous number of these killer T cells are reproduced. They chemically puncture cells before the viruses inside have time to multiply. In the process, these cells are destroyed.

Besides summoning the killer Ts, helper Ts alert the last major regiment of the immune system, the B cells.

B Cells

These are produced in the lymph nodes. The B cells produce chemical weapons called antibodies which are immunoglobulins.

By sticking to the surface of pathogenic organisms(such as viruses, bacteria or fungi) antibody molecules increase the chemotropic affinity for phagocytes to zero in on them.

As the immune defences of the body gather the tide turns against the microbes.

Wow!!! what a defence system.

Causes of cough and cold

The common causes of cough and cold are:

1 Respiratory tract infection:

An infectious disease that affects the respiratory system is called respiratory tract infection or in short RTI. Symptoms associated with RTI are cough, sneezing, stuffy or running nose, mild to high fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, breathing problems, chest congestion or wheezing,

2 Allergies

Allergy is one of the main reasons for cough and cold. Allergic to dust particles may occur in rhinitis frequently.

3 Asthma or chronic bronchitis:

Difficulty in breathing is called asthma. Inflammation of the bronchi is called bronchitis. If bronchitis remains for a longer period it is said chronic bronchitis. There are many reasons for asthma or chronic bronchitis. Better to consult your doctor.

4 Changing weather:

It’s been noted that cough and cold are very common during the changing weather. Better to protect yourself during changing weather. For example, avoid cold water, ice cream or cold drinks when the winter is going to start.

5 Additional causes of cough and cold

Cough is the response to expel foreign particles or microbes. Nothing to worry about cough in case it doesn’t persist for a longer duration. A glass of water can soothe the irritation.

The common cold as its name implies is one of the commonest infectious diseases caused by the number of viruses which is increasing as more of them are recognised.

The infection spreads readily through inhaling the droplets containing rhinovirus from an infected individual.

When the patient is recovering from an attack of severe viral infections the symptoms are more severe. This is due to the slow resolution of the inflammatory reaction and immune system.

Home remedies for cough and cold

It has been lightly said that cold if treated lasts for a week, if untreated it lasts for seven days.

The common cold is so frequent in occurrence. It is better to use home remedies instead of most advertised cough syrups or other remedies.

a) Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties, make a paste or use a readymade paste of ginger. Honey has an anti-bacterial property. Lick the mixture of ginger paste with honey. It will provide a soothing effect and relief from cough and cold. 2 teaspoons 2-3 times a day gives sufficient relief.

b) Salt-warm water gargle gives a soothing effect due to reducing inflammation & pain in the throat. It also removes the mucus buildup in the respiratory tract & nasal cavity. When you flush your nose with saline solution, it helps to clear out any bacteria or viruses that may be lingering and causing congestion. This can be especially helpful during cold and flu season when these types of infections are more common.

c) Steam inhalation clears up the nasal and respiratory tract.

d) Hydrate with fluid to avoid sore throat causing cough. Water is one of the best for hydration. You can also use Herbal Tea.

e) Avoid acid-creating food.

f) Increase immunity by taking Chyawanprash, an age-old Ayurvedic jam made up of more than 20 herbs and spices. Apart from increasing immunity, it’s beneficial as a blood purifier, eradicating toxic elements, and also helpful for the brain. Chyawanprash is beneficial for all age groups.

These home remedies are effective and harmless.

Treatment for cough and cold

On-the-counter medicines available don’t cure but give symptomatic relief.

The drugs used for cough and cold are:

1 Drugs for the respiratory system

Drugs affecting the respiratory system are mainly of five type

(a) Respiratory stimulants.

(b) Antispasmodic: drugs decreasing or abolishing spasms of the bronchial muscles.

(c) Expectorants: drugs which facilitate the expulsion of bronchial secretion(sputum)

(d) Cough depressants or suppressants.

(e) Antihistamines: drugs that antagonise the action of histamine by blocking the histamine receptors in the tissues.

2 Antipyretic and Analgesic

Fever and pain are common symptoms during cough and cold. The drugs used to reduce pain and fever are:

(a) Analgesic: drugs which relieve pain

(b) Antipyretic: drugs that reduce the temperature of the body.

3 Antibiotics and Antiviral

Since cough and cold are an infection. Antibiotics and antiviral agents eradicate infection. A lot of antibiotics and antiviral drugs are available in the market that are effective on cough and cold. Let your doctor decide the best for you.

4 Anti-Allergic

Cough and cold may occur due to allergic reactions. Anti-allergic drugs are useful to treat cough and cold.

So many complications in just a simple common cough and cold, hence it’s advisable to always visit your doctor instead of taking medicine over the counter.

Disclaimer

This article is just sharing knowledge. It’s not medical advice.

Take Care

Health is Wealth. Be careful about your health.

Know Here

October 17, 2023

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